Editorial: Engineering Yeast to Produce Plant Natural Products.

Plants produce diverse natural products, and some of them are drugs or drug precursors. Especially, traditional Chinese medical herbs and other medical plants have the capacity to produce a wide range of bioactive compounds. The extraction of these natural products from plants requires substantial time, land and water usage, and they often produce with low yields. In addition, production can be variable, being affected by pests or climate changes. These factors result in the limited supply of plant bioactive compounds at affordable costs. Therefore, it is necessary to develop efficient and eco-friendly alternative production strategies.

Many yeasts can be genetically manipulated, and thanks to efficient tools and strategies of molecular biology, their metabolism can be reprogrammed (Nielsen and Keasling, 2016; Ji et al., 2020). Achievements of microbial engineering, such as the production of artemisinin (Paddon et al., 2013) and ginsenosides (Wang et al., 2015), have suggested that yeasts can be ideal microbial cell factories for the synthesis of plant natural products. However, understanding the plant biosynthetic pathways and engineering yeasts for production present some bottlenecks and challenges, such as the current limitations on enzyme discovery tools and high-throughput engineering strategies.

In this research topic, the tools and strategies for yeast engineering, and their applications for the production of several plant natural products were described. The discovery and application of CRISPR/Cas systems in microorganisms is revolutionizing the strain design (Pickar-Oliver and Gersbach, 2019). In this topic, Shan et al. summarized the different optimized strategies for CRISPR/Cas systems and their applications in the construction of non-conventional yeast-based cell factories. Zhang and Shi reviewed the recent applications of transcription factor (TF) based biosensors to dynamically control the production of natural products in yeasts. The biosensors targeting to intermediates in natural product synthesis pathways (i.e., fatty acid synthesis, shikimate pathway, and mevalonate pathway) can be further implemented for improving the biosynthetic efficiency of plant natural products. Recent studies have shown that metabolic mass transfer is one of important factors to improve the heterologous production in microorganisms (Ma et al., 2021a). In relation to this, Xue et al. summarized the diverse strategies used for metabolic mass transfer during the production of plant natural products using engineered yeasts, and covered how properly refining/balancing metabolic flux with the metabolic mass transfer strategies would further enhance the biosynthesis efficiency. Tan et al. introduced their approach using efficient selection scheme for the incorporation of non-canonical amino acids into Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins. This efficient selection scheme will expand the application of non-canonical amino acids for protein engineering in yeast cell factories.

Plant terpenoids are one of the main sources of bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical applications. Several bioactive terpenes have been produced using engineered S. cerevisiae and other yeasts (Yang et al., 2020; Ma et al., 2021b). Guan et al. described the discovery of glycyrrhetinic acid biosynthetic pathway and summarized the development of its biosynthesis using engineered S. cerevisiae, which serves as an eco-friendly example for producing compounds from traditional Chinese medical plants. Among the terpenes, monoterpenoids are usually bioactive compounds in plant essential oils. Gao et al. have reviewed the production of monoterpenoids using engineered yeasts. They especially described the application of protein engineering and structural biology strategies used to optimize key enzymes of the pathway. In the future, structural biology may enable highly efficient production of plant natural products using engineered yeasts (Cravens et al., 2019). Another application case is cocoa butter, which is the main component of chocolate. The application of yeasts for the biosynthesis of cocoa butter constituents has been achieved in the past few years, such as heterogeneously expression of cocoa lipid metabolic genes in S. cerevisiae (Wei et al., 2017a; Wei et al., 2017b; Wei et al., 2018). Wang et al. summarized recent development of producing cocoa butter equivalents using yeast, which might lead to the future production of yeast chocolate. RNA interference has been used for disease treatment and pest control, and yeast is one of the best hosts for the production of low-cost double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) for RNA interference applications (Zotti et al., 2018; Ahn et al., 2019). Guan et al. reviewed the advances in microbial dsRNA production systems including the use of yeast cells for their expression. Abbasi et al. updated recent advances in the production of sugar alcohols and functional sugars in Yarrowia lipolytica. Xylose is one of the most abundant sugars in nature and present in the side streams of lignocellulose processing (Wang et al., 2021). Zha et al. described the advances in the use of xylose as the substrate to produce natural products. Moreover, future challenges for the commercial production of natural products from xylose using engineered yeasts were discussed.

Tools and strategies to engineer yeasts for plant natural products are still in development. This research topic not only covers the synthetic biology technologies used for the production of natural products in yeast but also details several examples of valuable plant natural products produced in this host. This compendium of articles provides valuable insights for future developments. From our point of view, the integration of omics technologies, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology strategies will accelerate the commercial production of bioactive plant compounds in the yeasts (Figure 1). In summary, this research topic highlights both the state of the art and the future perspectives of the biotechnological production of plant-derived natural products in yeast.

FIGURE 1

Yeast-based production of valuable plant natural products by metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies. The genes can be screened from plant omics data, and the synthetic biology tools help to engineer yeasts with the recovered enzymes and metabolism. The scale up strategies will further increase the titer, yield and rate of plant natural products.