Monitoring Arthropods in Azorean Agroecosystems: the project AGRO-ECOSERVICES.

BACKGROUND: The data we present are part of the AGRO-ECOSERVICES project (Assessing ecosystem services and disservices provided by arthropod species in Azorean agroecosystems). The project aims to evaluate the relative importance of native and non-native organisms as ecosystem services (ES) and disservices (ED) providers, by combining novel, direct and quantitative tools for monitoring agro-biodiversity. Ecosystem services include evaluation of natural pest control by predation, seed predation on weed plants, pollination, decomposition and ecosystem disservices, herbivory and seed predation on crop plants. Active Aerial Searching (AAS) (only in maize-fields) and pitfall traps were used to sample the arthropod biodiversity (predatory spiders, true-bugs and beetles and main insect pests) on four agricultural habitats of Terceira Island, namely citrus orchards, low and high elevation maize fields and vineyards. NEW INFORMATION: We provided an inventory of all arthropods recorded in four Azorean agroecosystems (citrus orchards, low and high elevation maize fields and vineyards) from Terceira Island. A total of 50412 specimens were collected, belonging to four classes, 20 orders, 81 families and 200 identified species of arthropods. A total of 127 species are considered introduced (n = 22646) and 69 native non-endemic (n = 24117). Four endemic species were recorded with very few specimens (n = 14) and 3635 specimens belong to unidentified taxa recorded only at genus or family level. Five species are new records for Terceira Island, with Lagriahirta (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) being also a new record for the Azores. This publication contributes to a better knowledge of the arthropods communities present in agro-ecosystems of Terceira Island and will serve as a baseline for future monitoring schemes targeting the long-term change in arthropod diversity and abundance. Paulo A. V. Borges, Rui Nunes, Lucas Lamelas-López, Enésima Pereira, Ricardo Costa, Paulo Monjardino, David H. Lopes, António Onofre Soares, Artur Gil, François Rigal, Marco Ferrante, Gabor L. Lövei.

Introduction

Land-use transformation with associated habitat degradation, is one of the major drivers of biodiversity loss worldwide (Vitousek et al. 1997, Barnosky et al. 2011, Borges et al. 2019a, Harvey et al. 2020). In the case of Azores, since Portuguese colonisation in the 15th century, the original landscape has suffered severe transformations, with the replacement of native forests by exotic tree plantations, pastures, agricultural and urban areas (Gaspar et al. 2008, Borges et al. 2019a, Borges et al. 2019b, Norder et al. 2020).

However, although exotic species have a competitive advantage to colonise new human-altered habitats given that their tolerance to wide range of environmental conditions and habitats (e.g. generalist behaviour) (Rigal et al. 2017), these non-natural habitats also offer opportunities to native biota (McKinney and Lockwood 1999, Blackburn et al. 2004, Sax 2008, Tsafack et al. 2021).

Many species were also introduced because of human settlement (Frutuoso 2011). The current remnants of native forests represent less than 5% of the total area of the archipelago (Gaspar et al. 2008). Currently, the Azorean economy depends greatly on agroecosystems (Gil et al. 2017). Agrosecoystems with the largest area are pastures, followed by maize, with the two crops usually grown in rotation. Due to their long co-existence and close taxonomic relationship between pastures and maize (both are grasses), several pests interact with both crops all year round (P. Monjardino, pers. observ.). These interactions need to be further understood, because of ongoing current significant yield losses in both agroecosystems (P. Monjardino, pers. observ.). Vineyards and citrus orchards are amongst the most important crops on the Azores. Both crops have significant pest and disease problems due to the benign environmental conditions and to improper cultural practices (Lopes et al. 2009).

Azorean terrestrial arthropod fauna have been extensively surveyed in the last two decades. Although most surveys have been conducted in native forests (e.g. Borges et al. 2005, Ribeiro et al. 2005, Borges et al. 2006), several also included anthropogenic habitats, as exotic forest plantations, pastures for cattle grazing and other agricultural areas (Cardoso et al. 2009, Florencio et al. 2015, Rigal et al. 2017, Marcelino et al. 2021, Tsafack et al. 2021).

In 2019 and 2020, we started the project “Assessing Ecosystem Services and Disservices provided by Arthropod species in Azorean Agroecosystems” (AGRO-ECOSERVICES). This project aims to: (i) initiate the monitoring of terrestrial arthropods in agricultural habitats, (ii) implement novel, direct and quantitative tools to quantify ecosystem services (ES) and disservices (ED) and (iii) evaluate the relative importance of native and non-native organisms as ES/ED providers.

Arthropods, especially insects, support ecosystem stability and functioning (Allan et al. 2015, Bennett et al. 2015). Due to their high species richness and abundance, as well as their importance for several ES and ED (Zhang et al. 2007, Ameixa et al. 2018, Noriega et al. 2018, Ecosystem Services 2019), arthropods play a key role in all terrestrial ecosystems. Evaluating the total effect of arthropods that are providers of both ES and ED is challenging (Shapiro and Báldi 2014). For example, when they prey on pests, generalist predators provide biological control, an ES valued at $400 billion/y (Costanza et al. 1997), while their intraguild predation (Lövei and Ferrante 2017) constitutes an ED. A second great challenge is to assess the role of native vs. exotic biodiversity in providing ES/ED, which is essential to manage sustainable landscapes and an important frontier in theoretical ecology. Exotic species often alter ecological processes and cause severe biodiversity loss (Simberloff et al. 2013). Nevertheless, these species may also provide ES: alien plants can increase microbial activity (Vilà et al. 2011), introduced natural enemies can control pests (Heimpel and Mills 2017) or provide ecological “insurance” after the decline of native species (Stavert et al. 2018).

Oceanic islands have a high proportion of endemic species, being very sensitive to biotic disturbance, such as invasions and land-use changes (Stachowicz and Tilman 2005, Kier et al. 2009) - the perfect setting to test the response of ecological communities to disturbance and its effects on ecosystem processes. Several factors contribute to arthropod decline in the Azores (Borges et al. 2019b), including native forest destruction (Triantis et al. 2010), lack of connectivity between forest patches (Aparício et al. 2018) and climate change (Ferreira et al. 2016).

This publication contributes not only to a better knowledge of the arthropods present in agroecosystems of Terceira Island, but will also contribute as a baseline for future monitoring schemes in Azorean agroecosystems targeting the long-term change in arthropod diversity and abundance.

General description

Purpose

To provide an arthropod inventory of agro-ecosystems from Terceira Island (Azores), based on data collected in four agro-ecosystems, citrus orchards, low and high elevation maize fields and vineyards. This study will contribute to a better knowledge of the arthropods present in agro-ecosystems and will serve as a baseline for future monitoring schemes in Azorean agro-ecosystems targeting the long-term change in arthropod diversity and abundance.

Additional information

The study was conducted between July 2019 and September 2021 in Terceira Island. Active Aerial Searching (only in maize-fields) and pitfall traps were used to sample the arthropod biodiversity (pollinators and predatory spiders, true-bugs and beetles and main insect pests) on four agricultural habitats, namely citrus orchards, vineyards, low elevation maize fields and high elevation maize fields. Information on ecosystem services (ES) and disservices (ED) providers will be the subject of another publication.

Project description

Title

AgEcSe- AGRO-ECOSERVICES - Assessing ecosystem services and disservices provided by arthropod species in Azorean Agroecosystems (ACORES-01-0145-FEDER-000073)

Personnel

Project leaders: Paulo A. V. Borges and António Onofre Soares

Team members: Marco Ferrante, Artur Gil, Marco Girardello, David H. Lopes, Paulo Monjardino, Rui Nunes.

External Consultants: Sven Bacher, Gabor Lövei, François Rigal

Parataxonomists: Jonne Bonnet, Ricardo Costa, Rui Nunes

Darwin Core Database management: Paulo A. V. Borges, Lucas Lamelas-López, Enésima Pereira

Study area description

Terceira Island (area: 400.2 km²; elevation: 1021 m a.s.l.) is located in the central group of the Azores Archipelago (North Atlantic), roughly at 38.638 N and -27.0150 W (Fig. 1). Similar to all islands in Azores, Terceira is volcanic and of recent origin (0.4 Ma, see Florencio et al. 2021). The climate is temperate oceanic, with regular and abundant rainfall, high levels of relative humidity and persistent winds, mainly during the winter and autumn seasons.

Figure 1.

Map of the Azores Archipelago location in mid-Atlantic with the studied island TER - Terceira, marked in black (Credit: Enésima Pereira).

Design description

The sampled habitats included citrus orchards, vineyards and low elevation maize fields, all located at low elevation areas and high elevation maize fields (Fig. 2, Table 1). The two types of maize fields differ not only in the elevation, but principally in crop management, the low elevation being an annual rotation of maize and Italian ryegrass and the high elevation (located at intermediate elevation in the Island) being a perennial rotation of maize and perennial ryegrass.

Figure 2.

Map of the study area (Terceira Island, Azores). Codes of sites as in Table 1. Maize fields are located in intensive pasture since they are only operating in summer, with the two crops usually grown in rotation (Land-use data extracted from Cruz et al. 2007).

Table 1.

Description of the habitat, locality, elevation and coordinates of the 18 sampled sites on Terceira Island, Azores.

Code Site	Habitat	Location ID	Locality	Elevation (m a.s.l.)	Latitude	Longitude
C1	Citrus	TER_CITRUS_T1_T206	Pico da Urze	117	38.66989	-27.24047
C2	Citrus	TER_CITRUS_T2_T207	Qt. Rosário	158	38.68111	-27.26206
C3	Citrus	TER_CITRUS_T3_T208	S. Bartolomeu	189	38.6827	-27.27555
C4	Citrus	TER_CITRUS_T4_T209	S. Bento	66	38.66287	-27.21019
C5	Citrus	TER_CITRUS_T5_T210	S. Carlos	69	38.6625	-27.24961
ML1	Maize Low	TER_MAIZE_LOW_T2_T221	Atalaia	111	38.65631	-27.18368
ML2	Maize Low	TER_MAIZE_LOW_T1_T220	Cinco Ribeiras	90	38.6758	-27.30998
ML3	Maize Low	TER_MAIZE_LOW_T3_T222	S. Mateus	42	38.66304	-27.28962
ML4	Maize Low	TER_MAIZE_LOW_T4_T223	Universidade dos Açores - Campus do Pico da Urze	36	38.659	-27.23555
ML5	Maize Low	TER_MAIZE_LOW_T5_T224	Vinha Brava	167	38.67593	-27.21684
MH1	Maize High	TER_MAIZE_HIGH_T1_T215	Casa da Mina	314	38.68602	-27.1974
MH2	Maize High	TER_MAIZE_HIGH_T2_T216	Escampadouro	309	38.70159	-27.2852
MH3	Maize High	TER_MAIZE_HIGH_T3_T217	Granja	385	38.70083	-27.17019
MH4	Maize High	TER_MAIZE_HIGH_T4_T218	Juncal	321	38.69996	-27.12048
MH5	Maize High	TER_MAIZE_HIGH_T5_T219	Poejo	275	38.6768	-27.14616
V1	Vineyards	TER_VINE_F1_T211	Biscoitos Vinha_F1	23	38.79793	-27.25567
V2	Vineyards	TER_VINE_F2_T212	Biscoitos Vinha_F2	52	38.79664	-27.26302
V3	Vineyards	TER_VINE_F3_T213	Biscoitos Vinha_F3	28	38.80066	-27.26842

Funding

This work was financed by FEDER (European Regional Development Fund) in 85% and by Azorean Public funds by 15% through the Operational Program Azores 2020, under the project AGRO-ECOSERVICES (ACORES-01-0145-FEDER-000073).

Sampling methods

Study extent

The study was conducted in four agro-ecosystems of Terceira Island (Fig. 2): citrus orchards (Fig. 3), vineyards (Fig. 4), low elevation maize fields (Fig. 5) and high elevation maize fields (Fig. 6). Five citrus orchards were selected, located at low elevation areas. Ten maize fields, five of which are located inland at higher elevation and five other closer to the coast in low elevation areas. Finally, three vineyards located on the coast, north of the Island were sampled (see also Table 1).

Figure 3.

A citrus orchard in Terceira Island (C5 - S. Carlos) (Credit: Rui Nunes).

Figure 4.

The vineyards in Terceira Island (V3 - Biscoitos) (Credit: Rui Nunes).

Figure 5.

A low elevation maize field in Terceira Island (ML3 - S. Mateus) (Credit: Rui Nunes).

Figure 6.

A high elevation maize field in Terceira Island (MH5 -Poejo) (Credit: Rui Nunes).

Sampling description

Active Aerial Searching (AAS) and pitfall traps were used to sample arthropod diversity. The following main functional groups were collected: predatory arthropods (mostly spiders, true-bugs, beetles and bugs), phytophagous insects and saprophagous arthropods (mostly millipedes and beetles).

AAS consists in picking arthropods found above knee-level by hand, using forceps, pooter or brush and immediately transferring them into vials containing ethanol 96%. It was implemented in five low- and five high-elevation maize fields. Four 1-hour samples were obtained during the night when the main predators are more active. Sampling was performed in the summer when the maize plants were at maximum development. Samples were taken by Paulo A. V. Borges and Rui Nunes (two hours each per site).

Pitfall traps were standard 330 ml plastic cups, 8 cm wide at the top and approximately 12 cm deep - European standard plastic cups (Fig. 7), partially filled with propylene glycol. The traps were deployed for 14 consecutive days.

Figure 7.

Detail of a pitfall trap (standard 330 ml plastic cups, 8 cm wide at the top and approximately 12 cm deep) (Credit: Rui Nunes).

In each of five citrus orchards and six (of ten available) maize fields (three in low- and three in high-elevation areas), 16 pitfall traps organised in sets of two connected with a grid (Fig. 8) were deployed, along a transect, from the point closest to the crop edge. The eight sets of two pitfall traps were separated by at least 10 metres. A total of 80 and 96 pitfall traps were deployed on citrus orchards and maize fields, respectively.

Figure 8.

Pitfall traps used in citrus orchards and maize fields (sets of two connected with a grid) (Credit: Rui Nunes).

For vineyards, a different strategy had to be followed since Azorean vineyards are formed by small rocky enclosures (between 6-20 m2) (Fig. 4) and pitfall traps were deployed in the interior of these enclosures. Following a transect, a total of 144 individual pitfall traps were deployed in three vineyards (48 in each site).

Sampling methods used in citrus and vineyards (pitfall traps) only provide information on the soil-related arthropods; most of crop insect pests (canopy associated species) are not sampled by this sampling technique.

Quality control

All sampled specimens were first sorted by trained paratoxonomists (Jonne Bonnet, Ricardo Costa, Rui Nunes). All specimens were allocated to a taxonomic species by Paulo A. V. Borges. Juveniles were also included in the data presented in this paper since the low diversity of species in Azores allows their reliable identification. Colonisation status for each identified species is based on Borges et al. 2010 (END - Endemic; NAT - native non-endemic; INTR -introduced).

Step description

A reference collection for Azorean arthropods (deposited at the Dalberto Teixeira Pombo Insect Collection, University of Azores) started to be prepared in 1999 by one of us (PAVB) and many taxonomists contributed since then in the identification of species. For all the specimens for which adequate identification was not possible, a new "morphospecies code" was created.

Geographic coverage

Description

Terceira Island, Azores, Portugal.

Coordinates

38.638 and 38.814 Latitude; -27.394 and -27.0150 Longitude.

Taxonomic coverage

The following classes and orders of arthropods are covered: : , , ; : , , , ; : , , ; and : , , , , , , , , , .

Traits coverage

No data available.

Temporal coverage

Notes

16 July 2019 to 9 June 2021

Collection data

Collection name

Entomoteca Dalberto Teixeira Pombo at University of Azores

Collection identifier

DTP

Specimen preservation method

All specimens were preserved in 96% ethanol.

Curatorial unit

Dalberto Teixeira Pombo insect collection at the University of the Azores (Curator: Paulo A. V. Borges)

Usage licence

Usage licence

Creative Commons Public Domain Waiver (CC-Zero)

Data resources

Data package title

Monitoring Arthropods in Azorean Agroecosystems: the project AGRO-ECOSERVICES (AgEcSe)

Resource link

https://www.gbif.org/dataset/822f3765-6950-40c5-9353-1f335599007c

Alternative identifiers

https://doi.org/10.15468/mvtmyx

Number of data sets

1

Data set 1.

Data set name

Monitoring Arthropods in Azorean Agroecosystems: the project AGRO-ECOSERVICES

Data format

Darwin Core Archive

Number of columns

56

Download URL

http://ipt.gbif.pt/ipt/resource?r=arthropods_agroecoservices

Data format version

version 1.10

Description

The dataset is available on the Global Biodiversity Information Facility platform, GBIF (Borges et al. 2021). The following data table includes all the records for which a taxonomic identification of the species was possible. The dataset submitted to GBIF is structured as a sample event dataset, with two tables: event (as core) and occurrences (abundance data). The data in this sampling event resource have been published as a Darwin Core Archive (DwCA), which is a standardised format for sharing biodiversity data as a set of one or more data tables. The core data file contains 358 records (eventID) and the occurrences file 5134 records (occurrenceID). This IPT (Integrated Publishing Toolkit) archives the data and thus serves as the data repository. The data and resource metadata are available for download from Borges et al. (2021).

Additional information

We collected a total of 50412 specimens, belonging to four classes, 20 orders and 81 families of arthropods. A total of 127 species are considered introduced (n = 22646) and 69 native non-endemic (n = 24117). Four endemic species were recorded with very few specimens (n = 14) and 3635 specimens belong to unidentified taxa recorded only at genus or family level.

Arachnids belonged to three orders, being the most abundant (95% of arachnid specimens belonged to this order). and classes recorded four and three orders, being and , respectively, the most abundant. was the most abundant class (n = 39590) recorded in the studied agro-ecosystems, with the most abundant order (38% of specimens).

A total of 200 species were identified (Table 2) and an additional 73 morphospecies need proper identification, totalling potentially 273 species (see Suppl. material 1).

Table 2.

Inventory of arthropods collected in four agroecosystems in Terceira Island (Azores, Portugal) following an elevation gradient: vineyards (Vine), citrus orchards (Citrus), maize fields at low elevation (Maize L) and at high elevation (Maize H). The list includes only the specimens identified at species-level. Class, order, family, scientific name follow alphabetical sequence. Colonisation status based on Borges et al. 2010 (Origin: END - Endemic; NAT - native non-endemic; INTR - introduced) and abundance per habitat type are provided. Bold scientific names constitute new records for Terceira Island. * - New record for Azores.

class	order	family	scientificName	Origin	VINE	CITRUS	MAIZE L	MAIZE H	Total
Arachnida	Araneae	Agelenidae	Tegenariadomestica (Clerck, 1757)	INTR				1	1
Arachnida	Araneae	Agelenidae	Tegenariapagana C.L. Koch, 1840	INTR		3			3
Arachnida	Araneae	Araneidae	Agalenatearedii (Scopoli, 1763)	INTR			7	2	9
Arachnida	Araneae	Araneidae	Araneusangulatus Clerck, 1757	INTR			30		30
Arachnida	Araneae	Araneidae	Argiopebruennichi (Scopoli, 1772)	NAT			37	50	87
Arachnida	Araneae	Araneidae	Gibbaraneaoccidentalis Wunderlich, 1989	END				1	1
Arachnida	Araneae	Araneidae	Mangoraacalypha (Walckenaer, 1802)	INTR				1	1
Arachnida	Araneae	Araneidae	Neosconacrucifera (Lucas, 1838)	INTR			2	2	4
Arachnida	Araneae	Araneidae	Zygiellax-notata (Clerck, 1757)	INTR			6	12	18
Arachnida	Araneae	Clubionidae	Clubionaterrestris Westring, 1851	INTR		2			2
Arachnida	Araneae	Clubionidae	Porrhoclubionadecora (Blackwall, 1859)	NAT			25	4	29
Arachnida	Araneae	Clubionidae	Porrhoclubionagenevensis (L. Koch, 1866)	INTR			1		1
Arachnida	Araneae	Dictynidae	Lathysdentichelis (Simon, 1883)	NAT		1			1
Arachnida	Araneae	Dictynidae	Nigmapuella (Simon, 1870)	INTR			3		3
Arachnida	Araneae	Dysderidae	Dysderacrocata C.L. Koch, 1838	INTR	4	70	20	15	109
Arachnida	Araneae	Gnaphosidae	Marinarozeloteslyonneti (Audouin, 1826)	INTR	15		15		30
Arachnida	Araneae	Linyphiidae	Agynetadecora (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871)	INTR			1		1
Arachnida	Araneae	Linyphiidae	Agynetafuscipalpa (C. L. Koch, 1836)	INTR	28	7	396	18	449
Arachnida	Araneae	Linyphiidae	Erigoneatra Blackwall, 1833	INTR	1	3	3	13	20
Arachnida	Araneae	Linyphiidae	Erigoneautumnalis Emerton, 1882	INTR	1	309	333	95	738
Arachnida	Araneae	Linyphiidae	Erigonedentipalpis (Wider, 1834)	INTR		2	176	484	662
Arachnida	Araneae	Linyphiidae	Mermessusbryantae (Ivie & Barrows, 1935)	INTR		2	3	2	7
Arachnida	Araneae	Linyphiidae	Mermessusfradeorum (Berland, 1932)	INTR		117	7	53	177
Arachnida	Araneae	Linyphiidae	Nerieneclathrata (Sundevall, 1830)	INTR		3	2	2	7
Arachnida	Araneae	Linyphiidae	Oedothoraxfuscus (Blackwall, 1834)	INTR		4	80	577	661
Arachnida	Araneae	Linyphiidae	Osteariusmelanopygius (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1880)	INTR		1	6	17	24
Arachnida	Araneae	Linyphiidae	Palliduphantesschmitzi (Kulczynski, 1899)	NAT	7	1	1	2	11
Arachnida	Araneae	Linyphiidae	Pelecopsisparallela (Wider, 1834)	INTR	32		1		33
Arachnida	Araneae	Linyphiidae	Prinerigonevagans (Audouin, 1826)	INTR			130	229	359
Arachnida	Araneae	Linyphiidae	Tenuiphantestenuis (Blackwall, 1852)	INTR		132	104	177	413
Arachnida	Araneae	Lycosidae	Arctosaperita (Latreille, 1799)	INTR			1		1
Arachnida	Araneae	Lycosidae	Pardosaacorensis Simon, 1883	END		6		3	9
Arachnida	Araneae	Oecobiidae	Oecobiusnavus Blackwall, 1859	INTR	5		5		10
Arachnida	Araneae	Salticidae	Chalcoscirtusinfimus (Simon, 1868)	INTR	14				14
Arachnida	Araneae	Salticidae	Heliophanuskochii Simon, 1868	INTR		1			1
Arachnida	Araneae	Salticidae	Macaroerisdiligens (Blackwall, 1867)	NAT			1	2	3
Arachnida	Araneae	Salticidae	Pseudeuophrysvafra (Blackwall, 1867)	INTR	3				3
Arachnida	Araneae	Salticidae	Salticusmutabilis Lucas, 1846	INTR			1		1
Arachnida	Araneae	Salticidae	Synagelesvenator (Lucas, 1836)	INTR		1			1
Arachnida	Araneae	Scytotidae	Scytodesthoracica (Latreille, 1802)	INTR			1		1
Arachnida	Araneae	Segestriidae	Segestriaflorentina (Rossi, 1790)	INTR				1	1
Arachnida	Araneae	Tetragnathidae	Pachygnathadegeeri Sundevall, 1830	INTR			1	55	56
Arachnida	Araneae	Theridiidae	Cryptachaeablattea (Urquhart, 1886)	INTR		5	2	11	18
Arachnida	Araneae	Theridiidae	Neottiurabimaculata (Linnaeus, 1767)	INTR	1				1
Arachnida	Araneae	Theridiidae	Parasteatodatepidariorum (C. L. Koch, 1841)	INTR			8	69	77
Arachnida	Araneae	Theridiidae	Steatodagrossa (C. L. Koch, 1838)	INTR			16	71	87
Arachnida	Araneae	Theridiidae	Steatodanobilis (Thorell, 1875)	INTR				2	2
Arachnida	Araneae	Theridiidae	Theridionmelanostictum O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876	INTR		1	3		4
Arachnida	Araneae	Theridiidae	Theridionmusivivum Schmidt, 1956	NAT		1			1
Arachnida	Araneae	Thomisidae	Xysticusnubilus Simon, 1875	INTR			3		3
Arachnida	Araneae	Zodariidae	Zodarionatlanticum Pekár & Cardoso, 2005	INTR	934	7	14	1	956
Arachnida	Opiliones	Phalangiidae	Homalenotuscoriaceus (Simon, 1879)	NAT	1	156		20	177
Arachnida	Opiliones	Phalangiidae	Leiobunumblackwalli Meade, 1861	NAT		7		12	19
Arachnida	Pseudoscorpiones	Chthoniidae	Chthoniusischnocheles (Hermann, 1804)	INTR	8	10	4		22
Arachnida	Pseudoscorpiones	Chthoniidae	Ephippiochthoniustetrachelatus (Preyssler, 1790)	INTR	18	9			27
Arachnida	Pseudoscorpiones	Neobisiidae	Neobisiummaroccanum Beier, 1930	INTR	1	2			3
Chilopoda	Geophilomorpha	Linotaeniidae	Strigamiacrassipes (C.L. Koch, 1835)	NAT		2			2
Chilopoda	Lithobiomorpha	Lithobiidae	Lithobiuspilicornispilicornis Newport, 1844	NAT	15	4	1	1	21
Chilopoda	Scolopendromorpha	Cryptopidae	Cryptopshortensis (Donovan, 1810)	NAT	6	1	2		9
Chilopoda	Scutigeromorpha	Scutigeridae	Scutigeracoleoptrata (Linnaeus, 1758)	INTR	34	205	171	27	437
Diplopoda	Chordeumatida	Haplobainosomatidae	Haplobainosomalusitanum Verhoeff, 1900	INTR		6			6
Diplopoda	Julida	Blaniulidae	Blaniulusguttulatus (Fabricius, 1798)	INTR		1			1
Diplopoda	Julida	Blaniulidae	Nopoiuluskochii (Gervais, 1847)	INTR			3		3
Diplopoda	Julida	Blaniulidae	Proteroiulusfuscus (Am Stein, 1857)	INTR		3			3
Diplopoda	Julida	Julidae	Brachyiuluspusillus (Leach, 1814)	INTR		138			138
Diplopoda	Julida	Julidae	Cylindroiuluslatestriatus (Curtis, 1845)	INTR		1			1
Diplopoda	Julida	Julidae	Cylindroiuluspropinquus (Porat, 1870)	INTR	4	14			18
Diplopoda	Julida	Julidae	Ommatoiulusmoreleti (Lucas, 1860)	INTR	221	1740	35	217	2213
Diplopoda	Polydesmida	Polydesmidae	Brachydesmussuperus Latzel, 1884	INTR		1			1
Diplopoda	Polydesmida	Polydesmidae	Polydesmuscoriaceus Porat, 1870	INTR	8	470	12	53	543
Insecta	Archaeognatha	Machilidae	Diltasaxicola (Womersley, 1930)	NAT			3	4	7
Insecta	Coleoptera	Anthicidae	Hirticollisquadriguttatus (Rossi, 1792)	NAT	1		166	176	343
Insecta	Coleoptera	Apionidae	Aspidapionradiolus (Marsham, 1802)	NAT	1		1		2
Insecta	Coleoptera	Apionidae	Ischnopterapionvirens (Herbst, 1797)	INTR			6	2	8
Insecta	Coleoptera	Carabidae	Acupalpusdubius Schilsky, 1888	NAT			37	8	45
Insecta	Coleoptera	Carabidae	Acupalpusflavicollis (Sturm, 1825)	NAT			47	1	48
Insecta	Coleoptera	Carabidae	Agonummuellerimuelleri (Herbst, 1784)	INTR				38	38
Insecta	Coleoptera	Carabidae	Amaraaenea (De Geer, 1774)	INTR		1	6	15	22
Insecta	Coleoptera	Carabidae	Anisodactylusbinotatus (Fabricius, 1787)	INTR		1	3	65	69
Insecta	Coleoptera	Carabidae	Calosomaolivieri Dejean, 1831	NAT			14	41	55
Insecta	Coleoptera	Carabidae	Harpalusdistinguendusdistinguendus (Duftschmid, 1812)	INTR		1	3	40	44
Insecta	Coleoptera	Carabidae	Laemostenuscomplanatus (Dejean, 1828)	INTR	5	41		1	47
Insecta	Coleoptera	Carabidae	Microlestesnegritanegrita (Wollaston, 1854)	NAT			6		6
Insecta	Coleoptera	Carabidae	Notiophilusquadripunctatus Dejean, 1826	NAT				1	1
Insecta	Coleoptera	Carabidae	Ocysharpaloides (Audinet-Serville, 1821)	NAT		5			5
Insecta	Coleoptera	Carabidae	Paranchusalbipes (Fabricius, 1796)	INTR		1		16	17
Insecta	Coleoptera	Carabidae	Pseudoophonusrufipes (De Geer, 1774)	INTR	7	74	55	6995	7131
Insecta	Coleoptera	Carabidae	Pterostichusvernalis (Panzer, 1796)	INTR				25	25
Insecta	Coleoptera	Chrysomelidae	Chaetocnemahortensis (Fourcroy, 1785)	INTR		1	2		3
Insecta	Coleoptera	Chrysomelidae	Chrysolinabankii (Fabricius, 1775)	NAT		10			10
Insecta	Coleoptera	Chrysomelidae	Epitrixcucumeris (Harris, 1851)	INTR	53	4			57
Insecta	Coleoptera	Chrysomelidae	Longitarsuskutscherai (Rye, 1872)	INTR			1		1
Insecta	Coleoptera	Coccinellidae	Scymniscushelgae (Fürsch, 1965)	INTR		1			1
Insecta	Coleoptera	Corylophidae	Sericoderuslateralis (Gyllenhal, 1827)	INTR	15	61	268	96	440
Insecta	Coleoptera	Curculionidae	Calacallessubcarinatus (Israelson, 1984)	END		1			1
Insecta	Coleoptera	Curculionidae	Cathormioceruscurvipes (Wollaston, 1854)	NAT		18			18
Insecta	Coleoptera	Curculionidae	Coccotrypescarpophagus (Hornung, 1842)	INTR		71	3	2	76
Insecta	Coleoptera	Curculionidae	Naupactuscervinus (Boheman, 1840)	INTR		4			4
Insecta	Coleoptera	Curculionidae	Orthochaetesinsignis (Aubé, 1863)	NAT	1	21			22
Insecta	Coleoptera	Curculionidae	Otiorhynchuscribricollis Gyllenhal, 1834	INTR		5			5
Insecta	Coleoptera	Curculionidae	Otiorhynchusrugosostriatus (Goeze, 1777)	INTR	4	1			5
Insecta	Coleoptera	Curculionidae	Pseudophloeophagustenax Wollaston, 1854	NAT		2			2
Insecta	Coleoptera	Curculionidae	Xyleborinusalni Nijima, 1909	INTR				1	1
Insecta	Coleoptera	Dryophthoridae	Cosmopolitessordidus (Germar, 1824)	INTR		1			1
Insecta	Coleoptera	Dryophthoridae	Sphenophorusabbreviatus (Fabricius, 1787)	INTR		4	2	51	57
Insecta	Coleoptera	Elateridae	Aeolusmelliculusmoreleti Tarnier, 1860	INTR			8		8
Insecta	Coleoptera	Elateridae	Heteroderesazoricus (Tarnier, 1860)	END			2	1	3
Insecta	Coleoptera	Elateridae	Heteroderesvagus Candèze, 1893	INTR			3	13	16
Insecta	Coleoptera	Elateridae	Melanotusdichrous (Erichson, 1841)	INTR			14		14
Insecta	Coleoptera	Histeridae	Carcinopspumilio (Erichson, 1834)	INTR	1				1
Insecta	Coleoptera	Hydrophilidae	Sphaeridiumbipustulatum Fabricius, 1781	INTR			1	1	2
Insecta	Coleoptera	Latridiidae	Cartoderenodifer (Westwood, 1839)	INTR		2	1		3
Insecta	Coleoptera	Leiodidae	Catopscoracinus Kellner, 1846	NAT			1		1
Insecta	Coleoptera	Malachiidae	Attaluslusitanicuslusitanicus Erichson, 1840	NAT			2		2
Insecta	Coleoptera	Mycetophagidae	Litargusbalteatus Le Conte, 1856	INTR		1		1	2
Insecta	Coleoptera	Mycetophagidae	Typhaeastercorea (Linnaeus, 1758)	INTR	1		642	5	648
Insecta	Coleoptera	Nitidulidae	Carpophilusfumatus Boheman, 1851	INTR		1			1
Insecta	Coleoptera	Nitidulidae	Epuraeabiguttata (Thunberg, 1784)	INTR	49	22		1	72
Insecta	Coleoptera	Nitidulidae	Phenolialimbatatibialis (Boheman, 1851)	INTR	15	6	1	1	23
Insecta	Coleoptera	Nitidulidae	Stelidotageminata (Say, 1825)	INTR			128	18	146
Insecta	Coleoptera	Phalacridae	Stilbustestaceus (Panzer, 1797)	NAT		1	24	1	26
Insecta	Coleoptera	Ptiliidae	Ptenidiumpusillum (Gyllenhal, 1808)	INTR	4	6	2		12
Insecta	Coleoptera	Scarabaeidae	Calamosternusgranarius (Linnaeus, 1767)	INTR			7		7
Insecta	Coleoptera	Scarabaeidae	Onthophagusvacca (Linnaeus, 1767)	INTR				6	6
Insecta	Coleoptera	Scarabaeidae	Popilliajaponica Newman, 1838	INTR				4	4
Insecta	Coleoptera	Silvanidae	Cryptamorphadesjardinsii (Guérin-Méneville, 1844)	INTR		3			3
Insecta	Coleoptera	Staphylinidae	Aleocharabipustulata (Linnaeus, 1760)	INTR	1		1	4	6
Insecta	Coleoptera	Staphylinidae	Aloconotasulcifrons (Stephens, 1832)	NAT			11		11
Insecta	Coleoptera	Staphylinidae	Amischaanalis (Gravenhorst, 1802)	INTR	1	8	48	1321	1378
Insecta	Coleoptera	Staphylinidae	Anotylusnitidifrons (Wollaston, 1871)	INTR	10	377	4	8	399
Insecta	Coleoptera	Staphylinidae	Anotylusnitidulus (Gravenhorst, 1802)	INTR		2			2
Insecta	Coleoptera	Staphylinidae	Astenuslyonessius (Joy, 1908)	NAT			10		10
Insecta	Coleoptera	Staphylinidae	Athetaaeneicollis (Sharp, 1869)	INTR	1	2			3
Insecta	Coleoptera	Staphylinidae	Athetafungi (Gravenhorst, 1806)	INTR	1	76	66	49	192
Insecta	Coleoptera	Staphylinidae	Carpelimuscorticinus (Gravenhorst, 1806)	NAT		1			1
Insecta	Coleoptera	Staphylinidae	Coproporuspulchellus (Erichson, 1839)	INTR		6			6
Insecta	Coleoptera	Staphylinidae	Cordaliaobscura (Gravenhorst, 1802)	INTR	20	17	256	316	609
Insecta	Coleoptera	Staphylinidae	Euplectusinfirmus Raffray, 1910	INTR	1	2			3
Insecta	Coleoptera	Staphylinidae	Gabriusnigritulus (Gravenhorst, 1802)	INTR			2	3	5
Insecta	Coleoptera	Staphylinidae	Medonapicalis (Kraatz, 1857)	NAT		1			1
Insecta	Coleoptera	Staphylinidae	Ocypusaethiops (Waltl, 1835)	NAT		308		1	309
Insecta	Coleoptera	Staphylinidae	Ocypusolens (Müller, 1764)	NAT		59		45	104
Insecta	Coleoptera	Staphylinidae	Oligotapumilio Kiesenwetter, 1858	NAT	7	70	178	12	267
Insecta	Coleoptera	Staphylinidae	Phloeonomuspunctipennis Thomson, 1867	NAT		1			1
Insecta	Coleoptera	Staphylinidae	Proteinusatomarius Erichson, 1840	NAT		10			10
Insecta	Coleoptera	Staphylinidae	Pseudoplectusperplexus (Jacquelin du Val, 1854)	NAT	22	4		41	67
Insecta	Coleoptera	Staphylinidae	Quediuscurtipennis Bernhauer, 1908	NAT				1	1
Insecta	Coleoptera	Staphylinidae	Rugilusorbiculatus (Paykull, 1789)	NAT		2	365	757	1124
Insecta	Coleoptera	Staphylinidae	Sepedophiluslusitanicus Hammond, 1973	NAT		4			4
Insecta	Coleoptera	Staphylinidae	Stenomastaxmaderae Assing, 2003	NAT		127			127
Insecta	Coleoptera	Staphylinidae	Tachyporuschrysomelinus (Linnaeus, 1758)	INTR	1				1
Insecta	Coleoptera	Staphylinidae	Tachyporusnitidulus (Fabricius, 1781)	INTR	1	2	5	3	11
Insecta	Coleoptera	Staphylinidae	Trichiusaimmigrata Lohse, 1984	INTR	3				3
Insecta	Coleoptera	Staphylinidae	Xantholinuslongiventris Heer, 1839	INTR			3	1	4
Insecta	Coleoptera	Tenebrionidae	Blaps lethifera Marsham, 1802	INTR			1		1
Insecta	Coleoptera	Tenebrionidae	Lagriahirta (Linnaeus, 1758)*	INTR			1		1
Insecta	Dermaptera	Anisolabididae	Euborelliaannulipes (Lucas, 1847)	INTR	2	116		26	144
Insecta	Dermaptera	Forficulidae	Forficulaauricularia Linnaeus, 1758	INTR		2	155	232	389
Insecta	Hemiptera	Anthocoridae	Anthocorisnemoralis (Fabricius, 1794)	NAT			1		1
Insecta	Hemiptera	Anthocoridae	Oriuslaevigatuslaevigatus (Fieber, 1860)	NAT			1		1
Insecta	Hemiptera	Aphididae	Rhopalosiphoninuslatysiphon (Davidson, 1912)	INTR	6	43			49
Insecta	Hemiptera	Cicadellidae	Anoscopusalbifrons (Linnaeus, 1758)	NAT	1	3	6		10
Insecta	Hemiptera	Cicadellidae	Cicadellaviridis (Linnaeus, 1758)	INTR		3			3
Insecta	Hemiptera	Cicadellidae	Euscelidiusvariegatus (Kirschbaum, 1858)	NAT			72	10	82
Insecta	Hemiptera	Cicadellidae	Sophoniaorientalis (Matsumura, 1912)	INTR		1			1
Insecta	Hemiptera	Cydnidae	Geotomuspunctulatus (A. Costa, 1847)	NAT	33	3	3	1	40
Insecta	Hemiptera	Delphacidae	Kelisiaribauti Wagner, 1938	NAT		8	41	116	165
Insecta	Hemiptera	Delphacidae	Megamelodesquadrimaculatus (Signoret, 1865)	NAT		1			1
Insecta	Hemiptera	Lygaeidae	Aphanusrolandri (Linnaeus, 1758)	NAT	7		3		10
Insecta	Hemiptera	Lygaeidae	Heterogasterurticae (Fabricius, 1775)	NAT			1		1
Insecta	Hemiptera	Lygaeidae	Kleidocerysericae (Horváth, 1909)	NAT	1				1
Insecta	Hemiptera	Lygaeidae	Oxycarenuslavaterae (Fabricius, 1787)	INTR			1		1
Insecta	Hemiptera	Lygaeidae	Scolopostethusdecoratus (Hahn, 1833)	NAT	6	33	1	1	41
Insecta	Hemiptera	Microphysidae	Loriculaelegantula (Bärensprung, 1858)	NAT		1			1
Insecta	Hemiptera	Miridae	Campyloneuravirgula (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1835)	NAT				1	1
Insecta	Hemiptera	Miridae	Heterotomaplanicornis (Pallas, 1772)	NAT			4		4
Insecta	Hemiptera	Miridae	Pilophorusconfusus (Kirschbaum, 1856)	NAT			1		1
Insecta	Hemiptera	Miridae	Trigonotyluscaelestialium (Kirkaldy, 1902)	NAT			493	231	724
Insecta	Hemiptera	Nabidae	Nabispseudoferusibericus Remane, 1962	NAT			7	46	53
Insecta	Hemiptera	Pentatomidae	Nezaraviridula (Linnaeus, 1758)	INTR			5	6	11
Insecta	Hemiptera	Reduviidae	Empicorisrubromaculatus (Blackburn, 1889)	INTR		10	1		11
Insecta	Hemiptera	Reduviidae	Ploiariadomestica Scopoli, 1786	INTR			1		1
Insecta	Hemiptera	Saldidae	Saldulapalustris (Douglas, 1874)	NAT				1	1
Insecta	Hemiptera	Tingidae	Acalyptaparvula (Fallén, 1807)	NAT	5	4			9
Insecta	Hymenoptera	Apidae	Bombusterrestris (Linnaeus, 1758)	INTR			1	1	2
Insecta	Hymenoptera	Formicidae	Hypoponeraeduardi (Forel, 1894)	NAT	12	32	37	99	180
Insecta	Hymenoptera	Formicidae	Lasiusgrandis Forel, 1909	NAT	10283	3058	1444	1091	15876
Insecta	Hymenoptera	Formicidae	Linepithemahumile (Mayr, 1868)	INTR			2		2
Insecta	Hymenoptera	Formicidae	Monomoriumcarbonarium (Smith, 1858)	NAT	272	367		1	640
Insecta	Hymenoptera	Formicidae	Tetramoriumcaespitum (Linnaeus, 1758)	NAT	327	1329	1202	451	3309
Insecta	Hymenoptera	Formicidae	Tetramoriumcaldarium (Roger, 1857)	INTR	215	135	1		351
Insecta	Lepidoptera	Noctuidae	Mythimnaunipuncta (Haworth, 1809)	NAT				1	1
Insecta	Orthoptera	Gryllidae	Eumodicogryllusbordigalensis (Latreille, 1804)	INTR	1	1		1559	1561
Insecta	Orthoptera	Gryllidae	Gryllusbimaculatus De Geer, 1773	INTR		10			10
Insecta	Orthoptera	Phaneropteridae	Phaneropteranana Fieber, 1853	NAT				2	2
Insecta	Psocoptera	Caeciliusidae	Valenzuelaflavidus (Stephens, 1836)	NAT	1		27	1	29
Insecta	Psocoptera	Ectopsocidae	Ectopsocusbriggsi McLachlan, 1899	INTR		1	28	18	47
Insecta	Psocoptera	Ectopsocidae	Ectopsocusstrauchi Enderlein, 1906	NAT	1				1
Insecta	Psocoptera	Trichopsocidae	Trichopsocusclarus (Banks, 1908)	NAT		2			2
Insecta	Thysanoptera	Thripidae	Hercinothripsbicinctus (Bagnall, 1919)	INTR	3			1	4
			Grand Total		12763	10062	7622	16390	46837

The five most abundant species account for 64% of all identified specimens and include two ant species: Forel, 1909 (: ) (n = 15876) and (Linnaeus, 1758) (: ) (n = 3309), the ground-beetle (De Geer, 1774) (, (n = 7131), the millipede (: ) (Lucas, 1860) (n = 2213) and the cricket (: ) (Latreille, 1804) (n = 1561).

Within the non-identified morphospecies, the most abundant taxa was a millipede (MF 1006) with 1959 specimens mostly sampled in high elevation maize fields (see Suppl. material 1).

Considering only identified species, a total of 10062 (21.48%), 7622 (16.27%), 16390 (34.99%) and 12763 (27.27%) specimens were collected and identified at species level in citrus orchards, low elevation maize fields, high elevation maize fields and vineyards, respectively (Table 2).

The most abundant species in vineyards were the native ant (n = 10283), the introduced spider Pekár & Cardoso, 2005 (n = 934) and the native ant (n = 327) (Table 2).

The most abundant species in citrus orchards were the native ant (n = 3058), the introduced millipede (n = 1740) and the native ant (n = 1329) (Table 2).

The most abundant species in low elevation maize fields were also ants, (n = 1444) and (n = 1202), followed by the exotic beetle (Linnaeus, 1758) (n = 642) and the mirid bug (Kirkaldy, 1902) (n = 493) (Table 2).

Finally, the most abundant species in high elevation maize fields were the introduced ground-beetle (n = 6995), the introduced cricket (n = 1559), the two rove-beetles (Gravenhorst, 1802) (n = 1321) and (Paykull, 1789) (757) and also the ant (n =1091). Two spiders usually very abundant in intensive pastures are also relatively abundant, (Blackwall, 1834) (n = 577) and (Wider, 1834) (n = 484) (Table 2).

Although the introduced species potentially have the ability to colonise and spread in human-disturbed habitats (e.g. Rigal et al. 2017), our results showed that Azorean agroecosystems represent habitat opportunities for native arthropods. Some of the most abundant species are generalist predators with omnivorous behaviour, like the ants and the ground-beetle . Remarkable was the high abundance of the predatory spider in vineyards that feed on ants and may act as an ED provider. Most other predators potentially provide an ES to the Azorean agroecosystem habitats, particularly in maize fields and vineyards, through biological control of pests (e.g. Heimpel and Mills 2017). Introduced species can also affect native species of arthropods, for example, through opportunistic predation. However, introduced species may also supplement the functional traits lost after the decline of native species in these habitats (e.g. Stavert et al. 2018).

Five species are new records for Terceira Island: three beetles (), one millipede (: ) and one true bug (). The new beetle records included one specimen sampled of (Linnaeus, 1758), eight of (Herbst, 1797) and six of (Wollaston, 1854). All these individuals were collected in maize fields. The new millipede record included three specimens of (Gervais, 1847), also collected in maize fields, but at low elevation. Finally, the new hemipteran record included three specimens of (Linnaeus, 1758) from a citrus orchard. All new records belong to introduced species, with the exception of , which is native to the Azores.

(, ) is a new record for Azores. We have also recently sampled this species in the Island of Santa Maria. This seems to be a recent introduction in Azores, being still rare in Terceira, but already widespread in Santa Maria.

Future perspectives

Importantly, the EU Biodiversity Strategy 2020 lists, as a priority, the mapping and assessment of the state of biodiversity, ecosystems and their services in all EU member states (Maes et al. 2016). Azores are part of Europe’s nine Outermost Regions (ORs) for which there is a general lack of ES mapping and assessment as compared with mainland Europe (Sieber et al. 2018).

By focusing on Azorean Island agroecosystems (e.g. maize fields, vineyards, citrus orchards) and having the current baseline monitoring data, we aim to develop in the near future a multifaceted approach to gain more insight to evaluate the relative importance of native and exotic arthropod organisms as ecosystem services (ES)/ ecosystem disservices (ED) providers. In this way, it will be possible to understand the ecosystem processes and functions and the goods and services arthropods provide for improving the resilience of Azorean agro-ecosystems, as well as human well-being.

Complete list of sampled species and mophospecies

Occurrences

Detailed complete list of sampled species and mophospecies with indication of the morphospecies codes in the column (Identification Remarks)

File: oo_611247.xlsx

Rank	Scientific Name	Common Name
class	Araneae	Spiders
class	Opiliones	Opilions
class	Pseudoscorpiones	Pseudoscorpions
class	Diplopoda	Millipedes
class	Chilopoda	Centipedes
order	Archaeognatha	Bristletails
order	Dermaptera	Earwigs
order	Orthoptera	Crickets, Grasshoppers
order	Psocoptera	Barklice
order	Thysanoptera	Thrips
order	Hemiptera	Bugs
order	Neuroptera	Lacewings
order	Coleoptera	Beetles
order	Hymenoptera	Ants
order	Lepidoptera	Moths

Data set 1.

Column label	Column description
Table of Sampling Events	Table with sampling events data (beginning of table).
eventID	Identifier of the events, unique for the dataset.
stateProvince	Name of the region of the sampling site.
islandGroup	Name of archipelago.
island	Name of the island.
country	Country of the sampling site.
countryCode	ISO code of the country of the sampling site.
municipality	Municipality of the sampling site.
decimalLongitude	Approximate centre point decimal longitude of the field site in GPS coordinates.
decimalLatitude	Approximate centre point decimal latitude of the field site in GPS coordinates.
geodeticDatum	The ellipsoid, geodetic datum or spatial reference system (SRS) upon which the geographic coordinates given in decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude are based.
coordinateUncertaintyInMetres	Uncertainty of the coordinates of the centre of the sampling plot.
coordinatePrecision	Precision of the coordinates.
georeferenceSources	A list (concatenated and separated) of maps, gazetteers or other resources used to georeference the Location, described specifically enough to allow anyone in the future to use the same resources.
locationID	Identifier of the location.
fieldNumber	Code of the sample
locality	Name of the locality.
minimumElevationInMetres	The lower limit of the range of elevation (altitude, usually above sea level), in metres.
habitat	The habitat of the sample.
year	Year of the event.
month	Month of the event.
day	Day of the event.
samplingEffort	The amount of effort expended during an Event.
eventDate	Date or date range the record was collected.
samplingProtocol	The sampling protocol used to capture the species.
Occurrence Table	Table with species abundance data (beginning of new table).
eventID	Identifier of the events, unique for the dataset.
type	Type of the record, as defined by the Public Core standard.
licence	Reference to the licence under which the record is published.
institutionID	The identity of the institution publishing the data.
institutionCode	The code of the institution publishing the data.
collectionID	The identity of the collection publishing the data.
collectionCode	The code of the collection where the specimens are conserved.
datasetName	Name of the dataset.
basisOfRecord	The nature of the data record.
occurrenceID	Identifier of the record, coded as a global unique identifier.
recordedBy	A list (concatenated and separated) of names of people, groups or organisations who performed the sampling in the field.
identifiedBy	A list (concatenated and separated) of names of people, groups or organisations who assigned the Taxon to the subject.
dateIdentified	The date on which the subject was determined as representing the Taxon.
organismQuantity	A number or enumeration value for the quantity of organisms.
organismQuantityType	The type of quantification system used for the quantity of organisms.
sex	The sex and quantity of the individuals captured.
lifeStage	The life stage of the organisms captured.
scientificName	Complete scientific name including author and year.
scientificNameAuthorship	Name of the author of the lowest taxon rank included in the record.
kingdom	Kingdom name.
phylum	Phylum name.
class	Class name.
order	Order name.
family	Family name.
genus	Genus name.
specificEpithet	Specific epithet.
infraspecificEpithet	Infrapecific epithet.
taxonRank	Lowest taxonomic rank of the record.
establishmentMeans	The process of establishment of the species in the location, using a controlled vocabulary: 'native', 'introduced', 'endemic', "unknown".
identificationRemarks	Information about morphospecies identification (code in Dalberto Teixeira Pombo Collection).