Saeid Safiri1,2,3, Nahid Karamzad4, Kuljit Singh5,6,7, Kristin Carson-Chahhoud8,9, Cobi Adams10, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi2,11, Amir Almasi-Hashiani12, Mark J M Sullman13,14, Mohammad Ali Mansournia15, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi16, Jay S Kaufman17, Gary S Collins18,19, Ali-Asghar Kolahi20. 1. Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. 2. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. 3. Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. 4. Nutrition Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. 5. Department of Cardiology, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia. 6. Department of Medicine, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia. 7. Department of Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia. 8. Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia. 9. School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia. 10. Department of Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia. 11. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran. 12. Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran. 13. Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus. 14. Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus. 15. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 16. Centre for Disease Modelling, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada. 17. Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. 18. Centre for Statistics in Medicine, NDORMS, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. 19. NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK. 20. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
AIMS: To report the prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) associated with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and its attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019, by age, sex, and socio-demographic index (SDI). METHODS AND RESULTS: Ischemic heart disease was defined as acute myocardial infarction (MI) and chronic IHD (angina; asymptomatic IHD following MI). Cause of death ensemble modelling was used to produce fatality estimates. The prevalence of the non-fatal sequalae of IHD was estimated using DisMod MR 2.1. All estimates were presented as counts and age-standardized rates per 100 000 population. In 2019, IHD accounted for 197.2 million (177.7-219.5) prevalent cases, 9.1 million (8.4-9.7) deaths, and 182.0 million (170.2-193.5) DALYs worldwide. There were decreases in the global age-standardized prevalence rates of IHD [-4.6% (-5.7, -3.6)], deaths [-30.8% (-34.8, -27.2)], and DALYs [-28.6% (-33.3, -24.2)] from 1990 to 2019. In 2019, the global prevalence and death rates of IHD were higher among males across all age groups, while the death rate peaked in the oldest group for both sexes. A negative association was found between the age-standardized DALY rates and SDI. Globally, high systolic blood pressure (54.6%), high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (46.6%), and smoking (23.9%) were the three largest contributors to the DALYs attributable to IHD. CONCLUSION: Although the global age-standardized prevalence, death, and DALY rates all decreased. Prevention and control programmes should be implemented to reduce population exposure to risk factors, reduce the risk of IHD in high-risk populations, and provide appropriate care for communities. Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved.
AIMS: To report the prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) associated with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and its attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019, by age, sex, and socio-demographic index (SDI). METHODS AND RESULTS: Ischemic heart disease was defined as acute myocardial infarction (MI) and chronic IHD (angina; asymptomatic IHD following MI). Cause of death ensemble modelling was used to produce fatality estimates. The prevalence of the non-fatal sequalae of IHD was estimated using DisMod MR 2.1. All estimates were presented as counts and age-standardized rates per 100 000 population. In 2019, IHD accounted for 197.2 million (177.7-219.5) prevalent cases, 9.1 million (8.4-9.7) deaths, and 182.0 million (170.2-193.5) DALYs worldwide. There were decreases in the global age-standardized prevalence rates of IHD [-4.6% (-5.7, -3.6)], deaths [-30.8% (-34.8, -27.2)], and DALYs [-28.6% (-33.3, -24.2)] from 1990 to 2019. In 2019, the global prevalence and death rates of IHD were higher among males across all age groups, while the death rate peaked in the oldest group for both sexes. A negative association was found between the age-standardized DALY rates and SDI. Globally, high systolic blood pressure (54.6%), high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (46.6%), and smoking (23.9%) were the three largest contributors to the DALYs attributable to IHD. CONCLUSION: Although the global age-standardized prevalence, death, and DALY rates all decreased. Prevention and control programmes should be implemented to reduce population exposure to risk factors, reduce the risk of IHD in high-risk populations, and provide appropriate care for communities. Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved.