Noninvasive Estimation of Glycated Hemoglobin In-Vivo Based on Photon Diffusion Theory and Genetic Symbolic Regression Models.

The diagnosis and management of diabetes require frequent monitoring of blood sugar levels. Prolonged exposure of most of the monosaccharides in the bloodstream results in the glycation of hemoglobin. This glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) based test plays an important role to avoid diabetic complications. However, noninvasive estimation of HbA1c is a very new, promising, and challenging topic in modern bioengineering scopes. The purpose of this study is to develop and verify mathematical models in order to quantify the glycated hemoglobin in-vivo percentage non-invasively. This research utilized photon diffusion theory to develop the finger models and genetic symbolic regression methods to solve the models to estimate the level of glycated hemoglobin in the blood. The validation of these models with human participants indicated a high degree of correlation (0.887 and 0.907 Pearson's r value), and high precision (2.56% and 2.96% coefficient of variation (%CV)) for transmission and reflection type noninvasive digital volume pulse-based signals. This research will be a breakthrough for the application of noninvasive HbA1c estimation.