Jason M Nagata1, Vivienne M Hazzard2,3, Kyle T Ganson4, Samantha L Hahn2,3, Dianne Neumark-Sztainer2, Marla E Eisenberg2,5. 1. Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. 2. Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. 3. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. 4. Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 5. Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Digital technology use and muscle-building behaviors reflect a wide range of behaviors with associated health risks. However, links between digital technology use and muscle-building behaviors remain unknown and this study aimed to address this gap. METHOD: Data were collected from a diverse sample of 1,483 young adults (mean age 22.2 ± 2.0 years) participating in the population-based Eating and Activity over Time 2018 study. Gender-stratified-modified Poisson regression models were used to determine cross-sectional associations between three types of digital technology use (screen time, social media, weight-related self-monitoring apps) and five types of muscle-building behaviors (changing eating, exercise, protein powders/shakes, pre-workout drinks, steroids/growth hormone/creatine/amino acids) in young adulthood, adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics and body mass index. RESULTS: Screen time and social media were either not found to be associated with muscle-building behaviors or in a few instances, associated with less use of these behaviors (e.g., screen time and pre-workout drinks in men). In contrast, the use of weight-related self-monitoring apps was positively associated with all muscle-building behaviors, including steroids/growth hormone/creatine/amino acids in men (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.83; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13-2.97) and women (PR = 4.43; 95% CI: 1.68-11.68). DISCUSSION: While most recreational screen time may represent sedentary behaviors not related to muscle-building behaviors, weight-related self-monitoring apps are highly associated with more muscle-building behaviors and could be a future target for interventions to discourage the use of steroids and other harmful muscle-building substances.
OBJECTIVE: Digital technology use and muscle-building behaviors reflect a wide range of behaviors with associated health risks. However, links between digital technology use and muscle-building behaviors remain unknown and this study aimed to address this gap. METHOD: Data were collected from a diverse sample of 1,483 young adults (mean age 22.2 ± 2.0 years) participating in the population-based Eating and Activity over Time 2018 study. Gender-stratified-modified Poisson regression models were used to determine cross-sectional associations between three types of digital technology use (screen time, social media, weight-related self-monitoring apps) and five types of muscle-building behaviors (changing eating, exercise, protein powders/shakes, pre-workout drinks, steroids/growth hormone/creatine/amino acids) in young adulthood, adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics and body mass index. RESULTS: Screen time and social media were either not found to be associated with muscle-building behaviors or in a few instances, associated with less use of these behaviors (e.g., screen time and pre-workout drinks in men). In contrast, the use of weight-related self-monitoring apps was positively associated with all muscle-building behaviors, including steroids/growth hormone/creatine/amino acids in men (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.83; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13-2.97) and women (PR = 4.43; 95% CI: 1.68-11.68). DISCUSSION: While most recreational screen time may represent sedentary behaviors not related to muscle-building behaviors, weight-related self-monitoring apps are highly associated with more muscle-building behaviors and could be a future target for interventions to discourage the use of steroids and other harmful muscle-building substances.
Authors: Jason M Nagata; Stuart B Murray; Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo; Andrea K Garber; Deborah Mitchison; Scott Griffiths Journal: Int J Eat Disord Date: 2019-06-20 Impact factor: 4.861
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Authors: Jason M Nagata; Kyle T Ganson; Puja Iyer; Jonathan Chu; Fiona C Baker; Kelley Pettee Gabriel; Andrea K Garber; Stuart B Murray; Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo Journal: J Pediatr Date: 2021-09-02 Impact factor: 6.314
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Authors: Samantha L Hahn; Katherine W Bauer; Niko Kaciroti; Daniel Eisenberg; Sarah K Lipson; Kendrin R Sonneville Journal: Int J Eat Disord Date: 2021-01-05 Impact factor: 4.861