| Literature DB >> 34899044 |
Maritta Kühnert1, Markus Schmidt2, Bettina Kuschel3, Ute Margaretha Schäfer-Graf4.
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease with a range of clinical presentations which manifest as combinations of weakness of the ocular, bulbar, and respiratory muscle groups and muscles of the extremities. Young women of reproductive age are most commonly affected. Preconception planning, the impact of pregnancy, prepartum management, drug therapy in pregnancy, myasthenic and cholinergic crises, fetal monitoring, peripartum management including analgesia and anesthesia during labor and cesarean section as well as neonatal management and neonatal myasthenia gravis are described here and the appropriate recommendations are given. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).Entities:
Keywords: labor; myasthenia gravis; neonatal features; pregnancy
Year: 2021 PMID: 34899044 PMCID: PMC8654508 DOI: 10.1055/a-1541-7964
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd ISSN: 0016-5751 Impact factor: 2.915
Table 1 Drugs which may worsen myasthenia gravis (data from 11 ).
| Types | Substances |
|---|---|
| * Clinically relevant worsening of disease is rare if the dose is increased slowly or medium doses are primarily administered. | |
| Analgesics | flupirtine, morphine preparations |
| Antiarrhythmics | quinidine, ajmaline, mexitilene, procainamide |
| Antibiotics | aminoglycosides (particularly streptomycin, neomycin, less so tobramycin), macrolides (e.g., erythromycin), ketolides (telithromycin/Ketek), lincomycin, polymyxins, gyrase inhibitors (levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, prulifloxacin), sulfonamides; tetracyclines, penicillin only in very high doses |
| Antidepressants | amitriptyline-type substances |
| Anticonvulsants | benzodiazepines, carbamazepine, diphenylhydantoin, ethosuximide, gabapentin |
| Antimalarial drugs | quinine, chloroquine and analogs |
| Antirheumatic agents | D-penicillamine, chloroquine, etanercept |
| β-blockers | oxprenolol, pindolol, practolol, propranolol, timolol – also as a topical application in the form of eye drops |
| Botulinum toxin | |
| Calcium antagonists | verapamil, diltiazem, nifedipine and related analogs |
| Diuretics | azetazolamide, benzothiadiazines, loop diuretics |
| Glucocorticoids* | transient worsening if high doses are used at the start of treatment |
| Interferons | interferon α (selected cases) |
| Lithium | |
| Local anesthetics | procaine (ester type), the amides used nowadays are unproblematic |
| Magnesium | high doses as laxatives |
| Muscle relaxants | curare derivatives, the initial dose should be 10 – 50% of the normal dose because of the increased sensitivity |
| Psychotropic drugs | chlorpromazine, promazine and related drugs, all benzodiazepines and structural analogs such as zolpidem, zopiclone |
| Statins | several reports of different cholesterol-lowering drugs |
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Tab. 1 Medikamente, die eine Myasthenia gravis verstärken können (Daten aus 11 ).
| Stoffgruppen | Substanzen |
|---|---|
| * Bei einschleichender Dosierung oder bei primär mittleren Dosen ist eine klinisch relevante Verschlechterung selten. | |
| Analgetika | Flupirtin, Morphinpräparate |
| Antiarrhythmika | Chinidin, Ajmalin, Mexitil, Procainamid |
| Antibiotika | Aminoglykoside (v. a. Streptomycin, Neomycin, weniger Tobramycin), Makrolide (z. B. Erythromycin), Ketolide (Telithromycin/Ketek), Lincomycin, Polymyxine, Gyrase-Hemmer (Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Prulifloxacin), Sulfonamide; Tetrazykline, Penicilline nur in besonders hoher Dosierung |
| Antidepressiva | Substanzen vom Amitriptylin-Typ |
| Antikonvulsiva | Benzodiazepine, Carbamazepin, Diphenylhydantoin, Ethosuximid, Gabapentin |
| Antimalariamittel | Chinin, Chloroquin und Analoge |
| Antirheumatika | D-Penicillamin, Chloroquin, Etanercept |
| β-Blocker | Oxprenolol, Pindolol, Practolol, Propranolol, Timolol – auch bei topischer Anwendung als Augentropfen |
| Botulinum-Toxin | |
| Kalziumantagonisten | Verapamil, Diltiazem, Nifedipin und Verwandte |
| Diuretika | Azetazolamid, Benzothiadiazine, Schleifendiuretika |
| Glukokortikoide* | transiente Verschlechterung bei Behandlungsbeginn mit hohen Dosen |
| Interferone | Interferon-α (Einzelfälle) |
| Lithium | |
| Lokalanästhetika | Procain (Ester-Typ), die heute verwendeten Substanzen vom Amid-Typ sind unproblematisch |
| Magnesium | hohe Dosen als Laxanzien |
| Muskelrelaxanzien | Curare-Derivate, wegen erhöhter Empfindlichkeit initial 10 – 50% der normalen Dosierung wählen |
| Psychopharmaka | Chlorpromazin, Promazin und Verwandte, alle Benzodiazepine und Strukturverwandte wie Zolpidem, Zopiclon |
| Statine | mehrere Befundberichte über verschiedene Cholesterinsenker |
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