Genetic correction strategies for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and their impact on the heart.

BACKGROUND: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive disorder with early childhood onset characterized by profound loss of muscle strength and associated cardiomyopathy. DMD affects is most often caused by deletions involving single or multiple exons that disrupt the open reading frame of the DMD gene. Mutations causing loss or premature truncation of dystrophin result in dystrophin protein deficiency, which renders the plasma membrane of skeletal myofibers and cardiomyocytes weakened. AIM OF REVIEW: Genetic correction is in use to treat DMD, since several drugs have been already approved which partially restore dystrophin production through the use of antisense oligonucleotides. There are multiple ongoing clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of treating DMD with micro-dystrophins delivered by adeno-associated viruses. Future approaches entail gene editing to target the single copy of the DMD gene on the X-chromosome. The primary, near-term goal is restoration of skeletal muscle dystrophin, and for some of these treatments, the efficacy in the heart is not fully known. Here, we discuss the anticipated cardiac outcomes of dystrophin-targeted therapies, and how this information informs genomic medicine for cardiomyopathies, especially in childhood. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW: Many genetic treatment strategies are being implemented to treat DMD. Since most preclinical testing has focused on skeletal muscle, there is a gap in knowledge about the expected effects of these approaches on cardiac genetic correction and cardiomyopathy progression in DMD. Additional study is needed.