MicroRNA (miR)-590-3p alleviates high-glucose induced renal tubular epithelial cell damage by targeting C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1) in diabetic nephropathy.

We attempted to analyze the clinical value of microRNA (miR)-590-3p in diabetic nephropathy (DN) patients and its role in high glucose (HG)-induced renal tubular epithelial cell (HK-2) injury. Serum levels of miR-590-3p were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Spearman correlation coefficient analysis of the correlation between miR-590-3p and clinical indicators. The diagnostic value of miR-590-3p was analyzed by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Then, the DN cell model induced by HG in HK-2 cells was established. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry, and CCK-8 assay were employed to assess cell inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and proliferation. Dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed the target of miR-590-3p. Serum miR-590-3p was reduced in patients of DN, which was positively correlated with eGFR and negatively associated with albuminuria. Furthermore, miR-590-3p also can diagnose patients of DN from healthy subjects or patients of T2DM. Furthermore, miR-590-3p was decreased in a concentration- and time-dependent manner during HG-induction. miR-590-3p overexpression bated HG-induced inhibition effect on cell proliferation and promotion effects on apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand1 (CX3CL1) is the target of miR-590-3p, whose levels were enhanced in DN patients and are negatively regulated by miR-590-3p. Our discoveries offered new insights that reduced miR-590-3p as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of DN, and elevated miR-590-3p can alleviate renal tubular injury by HG-induced through targeting CX3XL1, which may be a novel target for improving the development of DN.

Introduction

Diabetes (DM) is a serious metabolic disorder that is expected to affect 700 million people by 2045 [1,2]. Chronic hyperglycemia will lead to a variety of complications, dysfunction, and even organ failure [3]. Diabetic nephropathy (DN), is a common microvascular complication of DM, accounts for 1/4 of DM [4]. With the rapid increase in the incidence of DM, it has attracted widespread attention. The pathogenesis of DN is complex which involves hyperglycemia-driven inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells [5]. Previous studies on DN injury mostly focused on glomerular lesions [6]. However, recently emerging evidence suggests that proximal tubular injury precedes the glomerular lesion in renal injury, which is especially important in the early management of DN [6]. Currently, the routine diagnosis of DN is based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), albuminuria, and renal biopsy. Among them, renal biopsy is an invasive diagnostic that is not easy to popularize, and eGFR and albuminuria are also abnormal in early renal injury, thus leading to the diagnosis of most DN only at autopsy [7]. New diagnostic and therapeutic methods are needed to improve DN.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as powerful regulators, are involved in the pathogenesis and progression of DN and its complication. Such as miR-135a-5p [8], miR-451 [9], miR-770-5p [10] were elevated, while miR-2467-3p [11] and miR-30 c-5p [12] were inhibited in DN. What’s more, As a highly conserved and widely distributed non-coding small RNA molecule (blood, saliva, urine, and tissues), miRNA can be used for early diagnostic detection of diseases. For example, the abnormal expression of miR-4534 and miR-193a can be used as new diagnostic markers for DN [13,14].

Recent studies have shown that miR-590-3p is inhibited in mice with DN and is associated with inflammation [15], and its level is also related to the blood stasis syndrome in DM patients [16]. What’s more, miR-590-3p is associated with acute kidney injury and podocyte apoptosis induced by LPS [17]. What interested us is that Kim et al. investigated the differential expression of miRNAs in DM without nephropathy patients and DN patients in their 2019 study, in which miR-590-3p was markedly reduced [18].

Given the above, we suspected that the dysregulated miR-590-3p might be related to the progression of DN. However, due to the lack of relevant specific studies, this study explores the role of miR-590-3p in DN and its potential mechanism, to find a treatment method for DN at the molecular level and provide a new perspective for treatment.

Materials and methods

Study design and participants

This study included 139 participation with DN (n = 47) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM, n = 50) and healthy individuals (n = 42) undergoing routine physical examination were admitted to Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine from January 2017 to June 2019. The inclusion criteria for DM patients were: a) Meet the World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Diabetes Association (ADA) diagnostic criteria for diabetes and diagnosed as T2DM (HbA1c≥6.5% or FBG≥126 mg/DL) [19,20]; b) There were no DM-related complications, such as DN, diabetic retinopathy. The DN patient’s inclusion criteria were: a) a history of DM; b) Persistent albuminuria (≥30 mg/24 h) or eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. 24 h urine collection is considered the gold standard with regards to methods that determine albuminuria excretion, so we used 24 h albuminuria excretion as the standard value for patients [21]; c) Other kidney diseases or urinary tract infections were excluded and confirmed by renal biopsy in suspicious patients. All healthy controls were age-matched individuals without DM and DN. The person with liver disease, autoimmune disease, infectious disease, or use of antibiotics or corticosteroids were excluded from all participants.

Signed and informed consent was obtained from each participant, and each experimental procedure of the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine. Research related to human samples was conducted according to the purposes of the Helsinki Declaration.

Anthropometric and biochemical

The upper limb venous blood of the patients after fasting for 10 ml was collected, and the basic clinical information of the participants including age, gender, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were recorded. In addition, blood lipid indexes such as total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were detected. At the same time, albuminuria, eGFR, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were analyzed in the laboratory. What’s more, the blood samples were centrifuged and the upper serum was collected for mRNA determination.

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction

The mRNA expression of miR-590-3p and C-X3C-1 motif chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1) in the three subjects’ serum and HK-2 cell lines were detected. First, total RNA was isolated by TRIzol. Then, to eliminate interference in the detection of miR-590-3p, RNA was prepared according to the manufacture’s instructions, dissolved in nuclease-free water, and purity assessed from the A260/A280 measured using the NanoDrop 2000 instrument (values of 1.8–2.1 were considered acceptable), and the integrity of RNA met the requirements. Then the isolated RNA was synthesized into complementary DNA (cDNA) through the miRNA cDNA synthesis Kit (Takara, Japan) and HiFiScript cDNA Synthesis Kit (CWbio, China). miR-590-3p and CX3CL1 mRNA was amplified by miRNA qPCR Assay Kit (CWbio, China) and UltraSYBR Mixture Kit (CWbio, China) on 7900 HT fast real-time PCR system using GAPDH and U6 as an internal reference, and measured by the 2−ΔΔCt method. The sequences of primer were following that: miR-590-3p forward 5ʹ-AAAGATTCCAAGAAGCTAAGGGTG-3ʹ, reverse 5ʹ-CCTAACTGGTTTCCTGTGCCTA-3ʹ; CX3CL1 forward 5ʹ-GCTGAGGAACCCATCCAT-3ʹ; reverse 5ʹ-GAGGCTCTGGTAGGTGAACA-3ʹ; U6 forward 5ʹ-CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA −3ʹ; reverse 5ʹ-AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT-3ʹ; GAPDH forward 5ʹ-AATGTGTCCGTCGTGGATCTGA-3ʹ; reverse 5ʹ-GATGCCTGCTTCACCACCTTCT-3ʹ

Cell culture and hyperglycemic induction

Human renal proximal tubular cell HK-2 was obtained from the National Collection of Authenticated Cell cultures (Shanghai, China). HK-2 was maintained in a DMEM medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin, and placed in an incubator with a suitable humidity of 37°C, and 5% CO2. The cell fusion rate reached 70%, they were digested by trypsin and inoculated into 6-well plates. After overnight culture, according to previous studies [22,23], normal glucose (5.5 mM glucose + mannitol) or high concentration glucose (HG, 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mM glucose) were substituted for them. The miRNA levels were detected at 12, 24, and 48 h after HG explore, respectively.

Cell transfection

HK-2 cells were inoculated into 6-well plates and cultured overnight. The transfection reagent Lipofectamine 2000 was then mixed with miR-590-3p mimic (50 nM) or its negative control mimic NC (50 nM). After standing at room temperature, the transfection reagent coated miR-590-3p mimic and mimic NC, and the mixed liquid was dropped into a 6-well plate to regulate miRNA expression. Among them, the mimic NC was used to see if there were any off-targeting effects of the miR-590-3p mimic. After 6 h of transfection, the HG medium was replaced, and the subsequent assay was carried out.

Cell proliferation analysis

HK-2 cells (5000 cells/well) transfected and exposed to HG were inoculated into 96-well plates. HK-2 and CCK-8 reagent (Dojindo, Japan) 10 μL were co-cultured for 1 h, and the OD value was 450 nm. Finally, The cell proliferation abilities were detected for 3 consecutive days.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

The cell culture supernatants after different treatments of HK-2 were collected, and the secretion of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-18, and IL-10 inflammatory cytokines was detected by the commercial ELISA kit (eBioscience, USA). In short, after incubating the supernatant with a specific substrate for 4 h at 37°C, the change in OD at 450 nm was detected with a microplate analyzer.

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels determination

A commercial reactive oxygen species detection Kit (Solarbio, China) was used to detect intracellular ROS levels. In short, 2ʹ,7ʹ-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) uses a serum-free medium with a final concentration of 10 μ mol/L and a dilution of 1: 100. After incubating for 20 min in the incubator, washed with serum-free medium three times to fully remove the DCFH-DA that has not entered the cells, and then detect the expression level of dichlorofluorescein (DCF) with a microplate reader.

Apoptosis assay

After transfection and HG induction, HK-2 was digested and washed with PBS. The cells are suspended in the binding buffer. The cells were incubated with 5 μL Annexin V -FITC and 5 μL PI (Beyotime, China) in a dark room for 10 min, and the apoptosis of the cells was observed by flow cytometry.

Double luciferase assay

By searching online software TargetScan 7.2, CX3CL1 was predicted to be the target gene of miR-590-3p. The wild-type (CX3CL1-WT) and mutant (CX3CL1-Mut) containing miR-590-3p binging sites were subclones into the luciferase plasmid pGL3 to construct recombinant plasmid, respectively. Subsequently, miR-590-3p mimic and mimic NC were co-transfected with recombinant plasmids into HK-2 cells. After 48 h, the luciferase activity was examined using the dual-luciferase assay system (Promega, USA) based on previous studies [24], and the ranilla luciferase was normalized.

Statistical analysis

All data were provided as mean ± standard deviation (SD), and SPSS and GraphPad Prism 7.0 are used for statistical assessment and figure drawing. All analyses were repeated no less than 3 times. Spearman correlation coefficient analysis to identify the correlation between two numerical variables. Uncorrected P values less than 0.05 were considered significant.

Results

We hypothesized that miR-590-3p might play a vital role in the development of DN. Therefore, we explored the functional role of miR-590-3p in DN progression and investigated the underlying molecular mechanism. Here, we first analyzed the expression pattern in serum of DN patients and its potential clinical value. Subsequently, various experiments were conducted to explore the effects of increased miR-590-3p on cell proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in HG-induced HK-2 cells.

Baseline characteristics and biochemical parameters

47 DN patients, 50 T2DM patients, and 42 healthy subjects participated in the current study. Baseline characteristics and biochemical parameters of each group are proved in Table 1. And in age, gender, BMI, TC, and LDL-C were no obvious differences among them (P > 0.05). However, compared with healthy controls and T2DM patients, DBP, SBP, hs-CRP, HbA1c, and Albuminuria were markedly increased in patients of DN, and eGFR was considerably reduced (P < 0.05).

Table 1.

Comparison of the baseline data of subject

Parameters	Health(n = 42)	T2DM(n = 50)	DN(n = 47)
Age (year)	47.40 ± 16.18	48.12 ± 16.51	54.11 ± 16.44
Gender (female/male)	22/20	20/30	23/24
BMI (kg/m2)	27.14 ± 1.76	27.16 ± 2.54	27.64 ± 2.06
SBP (mmHg)	106.32 ± 8.06	122.44 ± 12.56*	135.19 ± 12.18* #
DBP (mmHg)	73.68 ± 5.89	77.22 ± 8.89*	84.72 ± 9.90* #
TC (mmol/L)	179.54 ± 25.92	178.14 ± 38.61	191.32 ± 41.32
LDL cheolesterol (mg/dL)	108.79 ± 20.89	115.09 ± 35.04	113.67 ± 36.88
HDL cheolesterol (mg/dL)	64.62 ± 13.05	56.22 ± 15.55*	50.76 ± 11.11* #
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	169.82 ± 11.48	170.46 ± 18.25	168.98 ± 19.66
FBG (mg/dL)	95.13 ± 10.29	212.10 ± 99.22*	193.90 ± 105.93*
hs-CRP (mg/L)	0.49 ± 0.11	9.83 ± 3.82*	7.94 ± 4.32* #
HbA1c (%)	-	9.01 ± 1.93*	10.30 ± 2.80* #
eGFR	100.42 ± 10.94	103.74 ± 12.29	56.19 ± 16.04* #
Albuminuria (mg/24 h)	-	7.94 ± 3.00*	130.58 ± 55.38* #

Note: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; LDL, Low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein; FBG, fasting blood glucose; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; T2DM, Type 2 diabetes mellitus; DN, diabetic nephropathy * P < 0.05, compared with Healthy control; # P < 0.05, compared with T2DM patients.

miR-590-3p was specifically reduced and was associated with clinically typical markers of DN

To explore the potential value of miR-590-3p in DN, the levels of miR-590-3p in participants were detected. Compared with healthy controls, serum miR-590-3p of patients with T2DM and DN decreased. Importantly, miR-590-3p in DN patients is significantly lower than that in T2DM patients (P < 0.05, Figure 1a). More noteworthy, the decreased miR-590-3p was a strongly negative association with increased Albuminuria in DN, while positivity correlated with decreased eGFR (P < 0.05, Figure 2b-c). The results suggest that the reduction of miR-590-3p plays a potential regulatory role in the clinical progression of DN.

Figure 1.

Expression and clinical correlation analysis of miR-590-3p in participants. (a) Compared with healthy controls and T2DM patients, miR-590-3p is marked to be reduced in DN patients. Spearman correlation coefficient analysis of serum miR-590-3p and DN clinical index (b) Albuminuria (c) eGFR. note: compared with healthy, *** means P < 0.001; Compared with T2DM, ### means P < 0.001.

Figure 2.

To evaluate the diagnostic ability of serum miR-590-3p for DN. (a) miR-590-3p can significantly identify DN patients from healthy individuals. The AUC of ROC was 0.958, the sensitivity was 92.90% and the specificity was 87.23%. (b) miR-590-3p could distinguish DN patients from T2DM patients, and the AUC of ROC was 0.859, the sensitivity and the specificity were 92.0% and 82.98%, respectively.

Potential clinical diagnostic significance of miR-590-3p in DN patients

The clinical diagnostic of miR-590-3p was analyzed based on the serum miR-590-3p in the subjects. The ROC curve approved that miR-590-3p could significantly diagnose DN patients from healthy individuals, with an AUC of 0.958, a sensitivity of 92.9%, and a specificity of 87.23% (Figure 2a). What’s more, the results also found that serum miR-590-3p can also diagnose DN patients from T2DM patients, showing high diagnostic values. The AUC of the ROC curve was 0.859, and the specificity and sensitivity were 82.98% and 92.0% (Figure 2b). In summary, serum miR-590-3p has a high diagnostic value and can distinguish DN patients from a healthy control or T2DM patients.

miR-590-3p was reduced in HK-2 cells induced by HG

After confirming the clinical value of miR-590-3p, we used HG-induced injury in HK-2 cell was used as a cell model to examine the potential role of miR-590-3p in DN. The mRNA levels of miR-590-3p in HG concentration gradients (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 mM) and time gradient (0, 12, 24, 48 h) was detected. The results showed that the levels of miR-590-3p in HK-2 induced by HG were concentration- and dose-dependent, respectively (P < 0.05, Figure 3a-b). And when HG was 30 mM, the mRNA levels of miR-590-3p were suppressed by about 50%. Therefore, in the follow-up experiments of this study, 30 mM HG was used for induction for 24 h in subsequent assays in the present study.

Figure 3.

Effects of miR-590-3p level on HG-induced HK-2 proliferation, apoptosis and ROS damage. (a) mRNA levels of miR-590-3p at HG concentration gradient (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 mM). (b) miR-590-3p mRNA levels at 30 mM HG-induced under time gradient (0, 12, 24, 48 h). (c) The miR-590-3p mRNA levels of transfected with miR-590-3p mimic under HG-induced in the HK-2 cells. The elevated miR-590-3p regulates HG-induced cell proliferation (d), apoptosis (e), and oxidative stress (f). Note: Compared with 0 mM or 0 h or control, * means P < 0.05, ** means P < 0.01, *** means P < 0.001; Compared with HG + mimic NC, ## means P < 0.01; ### means P < 0.001.

Overexpression miR-590-3p remarkedly reversed HG-induced damage to the proliferation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress on HK-2

After determining the HG induction conditions, we transfected miR-590-3p mimic in HK-2 and significantly increased its mRNA levels (P < 0.05, Figure 3c). Subsequently, cell function experiments confirmed that HG-induced dramatically reduced cell proliferation, and promoted cell apoptosis and oxidative stress injury (P < 0.05, Figure 3d-e). However, miR-590-3p mimics substantially weakened HG-induced cell damage. The cell proliferation was restored, apoptosis, and ROS were significantly inhibited. In conclusion, elevated miR-590-3p plays a protective role in HG-induced renal tubular cell damage.

Elevated miR-590-3p can reduce HG-induced HK-2 inflammatory response

Persistent inflammation is considered to be an important pathophysiological basis of DN and is involved in its progression [25]. Therefore, we examined the regulation of miR-590-3p on cell inflammation. The cell supernatant induced by HG was collected, and it was confirmed that pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α were significantly increased, while anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 were greatly decreased (P < 0.001, Figure 4a-d). However, the levels of these cytokines were remarkedly weakened by miR-590-3p mimic, that is, the levels of IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α were decreased, IL-10 was increased (P < 0.001, Figure 4a-d).

Figure 4.

miR-590-3p level affected HG-induced inflammation in HK-2 cells. (a) IL-6, (b) IL-18, and (c) TNF-α were increased in the HG-induced group, and (d) IL-10 was lower by the HG-induced. However, elevated miR-590-3p signature alleviates the levels of these inflammatory factors. Note: Compared with NG group, *** means P < 0.001; Compared with HG + mimic NC group, ### means P < 0.001.

CX3CL1 was the target of miR-590-3p

Finally, we predicted the CX3CL1 was a potential downstream target of miR-590-3p using online software TargetScan with the binged site of CX3CL1 was at its 3ʹUTR located at 1991 to 1997 (Figure 5a). The dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed that the co-transfection of miR-590-3p mimic and CX3CL1-WT could significantly inhibit the luciferase activity, but did not affect the CX3CL1-MUT of luciferase activity (Figure 5b). It is noteworthy that we revealed the level of CX3CL1 in the serum of DN patients was greatly enhanced than that of healthy control and patients of T2DM (P < 0.05, Figure 5c), and the expression of CX3CL1 was negatively correlated with the decrease of miR-590-3p (P < 0.05, Figure 5d). And miR-590-3p can negatively regulate the levels of CX3CL1, that is, when miR-590-3p increases in HK-2, the level of CX3CL1 mRNA was decreased significantly (P < 0.05, Figure 5e).

Figure 5.

CX3CL1 was the target of miR-590-3p in DN. (a) Predicted binding sites analyzed by online software. (b) The consequence miR-590-3p mimic on luciferase activity in the recombinant plasmid was examined by luciferase assay. (c) Serum CX3CL1 mRNA levels in DN patients. (d) Correlation analysis of miR-590-3p and CX3CL1 in patients’ serum. (e) miR-590-3p can regulate the mRNA levels of CX3CL1 in HK-2. Note: compared with mimic NC or healthy, *** means P < 0.001; compared with inhibitor NC, ### means P < 0.001.

Discussion

The results of the current study revealed that serum miR-590-3p in patients of DN was markedly declined, which was dramatically negatively correlated with Albuminuria and positivity correlated with eGFR. We have also found that the levels of miR-590-3p can identify DN patients from healthy individuals or T2DM patients, which has high clinical diagnostic value. When HG induces HK-2 cells, miR-590-3p decreased in a concentration-dependent and time-dependent manner. Elevated miR-590-3p could dramatically alleviate the decreased proliferation, and production of apoptosis, ROS, and pro-inflammatory factors induced by HG, and play a protective role on cell damage. And this protective effect may be achieved through targeted regulation of CX3CL1.

DN affects the renal function of nearly half of T1DM and T2DM patients. Various factors such as clinical susceptibility, renal blood flow changes, inflammatory release, oxidative stress response, and other factors affect the development of DN [26]. At present, more and more evidence shows that miRNA can participate in disease progression by regulating pathogenesis. For example, miR-302b-3p is involved in DN by regulating apoptosis and inflammation of podocytes [27]. The decrease of miR-452-5p levels was associated with HG-induced renal tubular oxidative stress and cell pyroptosis [28]. MiR-30 c-5p was reduced in renal fibrosis tissue, which was involved in HG-induced EMT response [12]. MiR-497-5p was weakened in renal tissues of DN patients and HK2 cells induced by high glucose, which affected oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis [29]. What interested us is that Kim et al. investigated the differentially expressed miRNAs in patients with DM and DN in a 2019 study, in which miR-590-3p was markedly reduced [18]. miR-590-3p is located on chromosome 7q11.23 and has low expression in hepatocellular carcinoma [30], breast cancer [31], and cervical cancer [32]. More important, miR-590-3p participates in glucose metabolism in T2DM mice induced by a high-fat diet [33]. What’s more, miR-590-3p is involved in LPS-induced acute kidney injury and is significantly down-regulated in septic mice [17]. Therefore, we speculate that miR-590-3p may play a certain character in DN. In the current research, we first found that miR-590-3p was greatly decreased in DN patients compared with healthy controls. And this level is also dramatically lower than in T2DM patients. This confirms our hypothesis that the dysregulated miR-590-3p may play a certain character in DN.

The clinical indications of DN are mainly increased albuminuria and reduced eGFR, and its abnormal changes are highly correlated with DN renal injury. Such as, the increase of miR-193a-3p is negatively correlated with eGFR, and positivity correlated with albuminuria, which can be used as a diagnostic marker for DN [14]. Elevated miR-196a is a predictive marker for progression of renal injury in DN patients and is positively correlated with proteinuria [34]. In our study, we found that the reduction of miR-590-3p was positively correlated with eGFR and negatively correlated with albuminuria, suggesting that miR-590-3p may be related to the progression of DN. In recent years, miRNA has been regarded as a new and useful disease biomarker due to its abundance, stability, and conservatism. What’s more important is that early recognition and intervention of DN are very important for reducing morbidity and mortality. In clinical practice, commonly used diagnostic markers have different limitations. Such as albuminuria due to the patient’s infection, fever and other states will cause its false-positive increase [35]. Abnormal eGFR is also associated with kidney damage. In our present study found that the level of miR-590-3p can identify DN patients from healthy individuals or T2DM patients, which has a high clinical diagnostic value.

In the research of DN, the proximal tubule is extremely sensitive to hyperglycemia in DN, and attention has gradually been paid to it [36]. Previous studies have found that apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation are involved in renal tubular injury caused by hyperglycemia [37]. According to previous studies, we established an in vitro DN tubular injury model through HG-induced HK-2 injury [38]. Subsequently, we confirmed that the expression of miR-590-3p was decreased in HG-induced HK-2, and it was concentration- and time-dependent manner. Consistent with previous studies [39], HG induction can inhibit cell proliferation, promote cell apoptosis, increase ROS production, and promote the secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, the increase of miR-590-3p significantly alleviated HG-induced cell damage, promoted cell proliferation, inhibited cell apoptosis and pro-inflammatory response, and weakened the production of ROS. The results suggested that an increase of miR-590-3p had a protective impact on HG-induced cell damage.

Subsequently, we attempted to examine the protective mechanism of miR-590-3p in DN. Previous studies have found that miR-590-3p targeted CX3CL1 to regulate the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma [40]. CX3CL1 is mainly produced by renal tubular epithelium and has local and systemic regulatory in the kidney [41]. We discovered the binding sites of miR-590-3p and CX3CL1 through online software. The dual-luciferase reporting system also affirmed that CX3CL1 was a potential target of miR-590-3p. In addition, the increase of CX3CL1 signal in patients’ serum was significantly negatively correlated with the decrease of miR-590-3p. Moreover, the increase of miR-590-3p negatively correlated with the level of CX3CL1 in HK-2. In addition, this study also has certain limitations. First, this study only included patients with T2DM and patients with DN, and we will further study the effects on T1DM patients. Furthermore, although we observed that miR-590-3p level can dramatically distinguish DN patients in healthy individuals and T2DM patients, whether it can distinguish different stages of DN still needs further study. In a short, Our findings revelated that the decrease of serum miR-590-3p is a correlation with the progression of DN, and is a valuable diagnostic marker for DN. Moreover, increased miR-590-3p has a protective force on HG-induced renal tubular injury by targeting CX3CL1. Additionally, we also recognize the limitations of our current study. It is necessary to further understand the role of miR-590-3p and its target gene CX3CL1 in DN through the same unbiased grouping and further study.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we found that reduced miR-590-3p is a potential diagnostic biomarker for patients of DN and that elevated miR-590-3p alleviates HG-induced renal tubular injury by targeting CX3CL1. Our study provided a promising target for the therapy of DN.