M P Kwabla1, J H Amuasi2, G Krause3, C J Klett-Tammen4, S Castell5. 1. Department for Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany, PhD Programme Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig and Hanover Biomedical Research School, Medical School Hanover, Germany, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana. 2. Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana, Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana, Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Bernhard Nocht Institute of Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany. 3. Department for Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany, Medical School Hanover (MHH), Hanover, Germany, TI Epidemiology, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Hanover, Germany. 4. Department for Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany. 5. Department for Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany, TI Epidemiology, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Hanover, Germany.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Case detection is an important part of TB control programmes. In 2007, the TB programme in Ghana join the WHO´s public-private partnership with community medicine outlet operators to increase referral of persons with presumptive TB for laboratory investigation. Information on factors likely to influence referral is scarce in Ghana. We assessed these factors among pharmacists and over-the-counter (OTC) medicine sellers. METHODS: In 2019-2020, we conducted computer-assisted telephone interviews among community pharmacists and OTC medicine sellers in the Eastern Region of Ghana. We used a structured questionnaire and collected data on respondents´ sociodemographics and professional characteristics. We used logistic regression to investigate characteristics associated with self-reported referral of presumptive TB cases. RESULTS: Of all respondents who completed the interviews, 68.7% (321/467) reported having ever referred a presumptive TB case and 72.1% (336/466) had received specific training. Associated factors of presumptive TB referral were having received specific training (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.5-4.9); performing both dispensing and managerial functions (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.4-5.5); operating from OTC shop (OR 6.2, 95% CI 1.6-23.4) and the availability of a TB laboratory within walking distance (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.2-9.5). CONCLUSION: Interviewees largely support TB referral. However, a significant proportion does not follow the strategy closely. We recommend more specific TB training courses.
BACKGROUND: Case detection is an important part of TB control programmes. In 2007, the TB programme in Ghana join the WHO´s public-private partnership with community medicine outlet operators to increase referral of persons with presumptive TB for laboratory investigation. Information on factors likely to influence referral is scarce in Ghana. We assessed these factors among pharmacists and over-the-counter (OTC) medicine sellers. METHODS: In 2019-2020, we conducted computer-assisted telephone interviews among community pharmacists and OTC medicine sellers in the Eastern Region of Ghana. We used a structured questionnaire and collected data on respondents´ sociodemographics and professional characteristics. We used logistic regression to investigate characteristics associated with self-reported referral of presumptive TB cases. RESULTS: Of all respondents who completed the interviews, 68.7% (321/467) reported having ever referred a presumptive TB case and 72.1% (336/466) had received specific training. Associated factors of presumptive TB referral were having received specific training (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.5-4.9); performing both dispensing and managerial functions (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.4-5.5); operating from OTC shop (OR 6.2, 95% CI 1.6-23.4) and the availability of a TB laboratory within walking distance (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.2-9.5). CONCLUSION: Interviewees largely support TB referral. However, a significant proportion does not follow the strategy closely. We recommend more specific TB training courses.