Spatio-Temporal Effects of Multi-Dimensional Urbanization on Carbon Emission Efficiency: Analysis Based on Panel Data of 283 Cities in China.

Under the influence of complex urbanization, improving the carbon emission efficiency (CEE) plays an important role in the construction of low-carbon cities in China. Based on the panel data of 283 prefectural-level cities in China from 2005 to 2017, this study evaluated the CEE by the US-SBM model, and explored the spatial agglomeration evolution characteristics of CEE from static and dynamic perspectives by integrating ESDA and Spatial Markov Chains. Then, the spatial heterogeneity of the impacts of multi-dimensional urbanization on CEE were analyzed by using the Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR). The results show that: (1) with the evolution of time, the CEE has a trend of gradual improvement, but the average is 0.4693; (2) from the perspective of spatial static agglomeration, the "hot spots" of CEE mainly concentrated in Shandong Peninsula, Pearl River Delta, and Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration; The dynamic evolution of CEE gradually forms the phenomenon of "club convergence"; (3) urbanization of different dimensions shows spatial heterogeneity to CEE. The impact of economic urbanization in northern cities on CEE shows an inverted "U" shape, and the negative impact of spatial urbanization on CEE appears in the northwest and resource-based cities around Bohai Sea. Population and social urbanization have a positive promoting effect on CEE after 2010. These findings may help China to improve the level of CEE at the city level and provide a reference for low-carbon decision-making.