Tudor Vrinceanu1,2, Caroll-Ann Blanchette1,2, Brittany Intzandt2,3, Maxime Lussier4,5, Kristell Pothier4,6, Thien Tuong Minh Vu1,7, Anil Nigam1,2, Laurent Bosquet8,9, Antony D Karelis4,10, Karen Z H Li11,12, Nicolas Berryman4,10, Louis Bherer1,2. 1. Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada. 2. Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada. 3. School of Graduate Studies, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. 4. Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada. 5. Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada. 6. EA 2114, Psychologie des Âges de la Vie et Adaptation, University of Tours, Tours, France. 7. Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada. 8. Laboratoire MOVE (EA6314), Université de Poitiers, Faculté des sciences du sport, Poitiers, France. 9. Ecole de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activité physique, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. 10. Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada. 11. PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada. 12. Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Studies suggest that cognitive training and physical activity can improve age-related deficits in dual-task performances. However, both of these interventions have never been compared in the same study. This article investigates the improvement in dual-task performance in 2 types of exercise training groups and a cognitive training group and explores if there are specific dual-task components that are more sensitive or more likely to improve following each type of training. METHODS: Seventy-eight healthy inactive participants older than the age of 60 (M = 69.98, SD = 5.56) were randomized to one of three 12-week training programs: aerobic training (AET) = 26, gross motor abilities (GMA) = 27, and cognition (COG) = 25. Before and after the training program, the participants underwent physical fitness tests, and cognitive evaluations involving a computerized cognitive dual task. The AET consisted of high- and low-intensity aerobic training, the GMA of full-body exercises focusing on agility, balance, coordination, and stretching, and the COG of tablet-based exercises focusing on executive functions. RESULTS: Repeated-measures analysis of variance on reaction time data revealed a group × time interaction (F(2,75) = 11.91, p < .01) with COG having the greatest improvement, followed by a significant improvement in the GMA group. Secondary analysis revealed the COG to also improve the intraindividual variability in reaction time (F(1,24) = 8.62, p < .01), while the GMA improved the dual-task cost (F(1,26) = 12.74, p < .01). DISCUSSION: The results show that physical and cognitive training can help enhance dual-task performance by improving different aspects of the task, suggesting that different mechanisms are in play.
OBJECTIVES: Studies suggest that cognitive training and physical activity can improve age-related deficits in dual-task performances. However, both of these interventions have never been compared in the same study. This article investigates the improvement in dual-task performance in 2 types of exercise training groups and a cognitive training group and explores if there are specific dual-task components that are more sensitive or more likely to improve following each type of training. METHODS: Seventy-eight healthy inactive participants older than the age of 60 (M = 69.98, SD = 5.56) were randomized to one of three 12-week training programs: aerobic training (AET) = 26, gross motor abilities (GMA) = 27, and cognition (COG) = 25. Before and after the training program, the participants underwent physical fitness tests, and cognitive evaluations involving a computerized cognitive dual task. The AET consisted of high- and low-intensity aerobic training, the GMA of full-body exercises focusing on agility, balance, coordination, and stretching, and the COG of tablet-based exercises focusing on executive functions. RESULTS: Repeated-measures analysis of variance on reaction time data revealed a group × time interaction (F(2,75) = 11.91, p < .01) with COG having the greatest improvement, followed by a significant improvement in the GMA group. Secondary analysis revealed the COG to also improve the intraindividual variability in reaction time (F(1,24) = 8.62, p < .01), while the GMA improved the dual-task cost (F(1,26) = 12.74, p < .01). DISCUSSION: The results show that physical and cognitive training can help enhance dual-task performance by improving different aspects of the task, suggesting that different mechanisms are in play.
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