Deployment of Clinical Prediction Models: A Practical Guide to Nomograms and Online Calculators.

The use of predictive models within neurosurgery is increasing and many models described in published journal articles are made available to readers in formats such as nomograms and online calculators. The present chapter details a step-by-step methodology with accompanying R code that may be used to implement models both in the form of traditional nomograms and as open-access, online calculators through RStudio's Shinyapps. The chapter assumes a basic understanding of predictive modeling in R and utilizes open-access files created by the Machine Intelligence in Clinical Neuroscience (MICN) Lab (Department of Neurosurgery and the Clinical Neuroscience Center of the University Hospital Zurich). When implemented correctly, tools such as nomograms and predictive calculators have the potential to improve user understanding of the underlying statistical models, facilitate broader adoption, and to streamline the eventual use of such models in clinical settings.