Critical Review on Low-Temperature Li-Ion/Metal Batteries.

With the highest energy density ever among all sorts of commercialized rechargeable batteries, Li-ion batteries (LIBs) have stimulated an upsurge utilization in 3C devices, electric vehicles, and stationary energy-storage systems. However, a high performance of commercial LIBs based on ethylene carbonate electrolytes and graphite anodes can only be achieved at above -20 °C, which restricts their applications in harsh environments. Here, a comprehensive research progress and in-depth understanding of the critical factors leading to the poor low-temperature performance of LIBs is provided; the distinctive challenges on the anodes, electrolytes, cathodes, and electrolyte-electrodes interphases are sorted out, with a special focus on Li-ion transport mechanism therein. Finally, promising strategies and solutions for improving low-temperature performance are highlighted to maximize the working-temperature range of the next-generation high-energy Li-ion/metal batteries.