Lazaros Tzelves1, Robert Geraghty2, Panagiotis Mourmouris1, Nikolaos Chatzikrachtis1, Markos Karavitakis1, Bhaskar Somani3, Andreas Skolarikos4. 1. 2nd Department of Urology, National and Kapodistian University of Athens, Athens, Greece. 2. Department of Urology, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. 3. Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, UK. 4. 2nd Department of Urology, National and Kapodistian University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Electronic address: andskol@yahoo.com.
Abstract
CONTEXT: Shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) shows clear associated benefits for urolithiasis patients. OBJECTIVE: To identify and classify SWL complications according to modified Clavien-Dindo grading system while assessing the effect of different patient characteristics, stone parameters, types of lithotripters, and lithotripsy techniques. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Literature was reviewed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: We analyzed the results of 115 randomized trials including 17827 patients, of whom 16.06%, 2.07%, 2.23%, 1.32%, 0.85%, 0.16%, and 0% suffered from Clavien I, II, III, IIIa, IIIb, IV, and V complications, respectively. In total, 18.43% of patients suffered from Clavien I-II and 2.48% from Clavien III-IV complications. In studies with >100 treated patients, Clavien I, III, and IV complication rates and need for auxiliary procedure rates were lower than in studies with smaller sample size. Electrohydraulic lithotripters led to a higher rate of Clavien IIIb and IV complications than electromagnetic lithotripters. Clavien I-II complications were increased by 14.3% in patients with multiple and complicated stones. Hematuria was increased by 8.29% in patients who underwent intravenous urography preoperatively and had longer duration of SWL. Pain occurrence was increased by 14.79% in patients with more than one stone at the time of SWL and by 3.21% in those who were managed with a piezoelectric lithotripter. CONCLUSIONS: SWL should not be considered an uneventful procedure, as in 2.5% of cases an intervention or Clavien III-V complication will be observed. Low-volume centers, treatment of multiple or complex stones, a long-lasting SWL session, and electrohydraulic lithotripters are associated with higher rates of complications. PATIENT SUMMARY: We analyze the occurrence of shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) complications in 17000 patients. In centers with larger caseloads, complications were less common. The type of lithotripter is associated with complications. An increased number of treated stones, complex stones, and increased SWL duration were associated with a higher incidence of pain and hematuria.
CONTEXT: Shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) shows clear associated benefits for urolithiasis patients. OBJECTIVE: To identify and classify SWL complications according to modified Clavien-Dindo grading system while assessing the effect of different patient characteristics, stone parameters, types of lithotripters, and lithotripsy techniques. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Literature was reviewed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: We analyzed the results of 115 randomized trials including 17827 patients, of whom 16.06%, 2.07%, 2.23%, 1.32%, 0.85%, 0.16%, and 0% suffered from Clavien I, II, III, IIIa, IIIb, IV, and V complications, respectively. In total, 18.43% of patients suffered from Clavien I-II and 2.48% from Clavien III-IV complications. In studies with >100 treated patients, Clavien I, III, and IV complication rates and need for auxiliary procedure rates were lower than in studies with smaller sample size. Electrohydraulic lithotripters led to a higher rate of Clavien IIIb and IV complications than electromagnetic lithotripters. Clavien I-II complications were increased by 14.3% in patients with multiple and complicated stones. Hematuria was increased by 8.29% in patients who underwent intravenous urography preoperatively and had longer duration of SWL. Pain occurrence was increased by 14.79% in patients with more than one stone at the time of SWL and by 3.21% in those who were managed with a piezoelectric lithotripter. CONCLUSIONS: SWL should not be considered an uneventful procedure, as in 2.5% of cases an intervention or Clavien III-V complication will be observed. Low-volume centers, treatment of multiple or complex stones, a long-lasting SWL session, and electrohydraulic lithotripters are associated with higher rates of complications. PATIENT SUMMARY: We analyze the occurrence of shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) complications in 17000 patients. In centers with larger caseloads, complications were less common. The type of lithotripter is associated with complications. An increased number of treated stones, complex stones, and increased SWL duration were associated with a higher incidence of pain and hematuria.