Seasonal variations in carbonaceous species of PM2.5 aerosols at an urban location situated in Indo-Gangetic Plain and its relationship with transport pathways, including the potential sources.

The study examines the variation in organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in PM2.5 concentration at an urban location of Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) to understand the impact of seasonality and regional crop residue burning activities. Seasonal cluster analysis of backward air masses and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis was performed to identify seasonal transport pathways and potential source regions of carbonaceous aerosols. The mean PM2.5 level during the study period was 57 ± 41.6 μgm-3 (5.0-187.3 μgm-3), whereas OC and EC concentration ranges from 2.8 μgm-3 to 28.2 μgm-3 and 1.3 μgm-3 to 15.5 μgm-3 with a mean value of 8.4 ± 5.5 μgm-3 and 5.1 ± 3.3 μgm-3 respectively. The highest mean PM2.5 concentration was found during the winter season (111.3 ± 25.5 μgm-3), which rises 3.6 times compared to the monsoon season. OC and EC also follow a similar trend having the highest levels in winter. Total carbonaceous aerosols contribute ∼38% of PM2.5 composition. The positive linear trend between OC and EC identified the key sources. HYSPLIT cluster analysis of backward air mass trajectories revealed that during the post-monsoon, winters, pre-monsoon, and monsoon, 71%, 81%, 60%, and 43% of air masses originate within the 500 km radius of IGP. CWT analysis and abundance of OC in post-monsoon and winters season establish a linkage between regional solid-biomass fuel use and crop residue burning activities, including meteorology. Moreover, the low annual average OC/EC ratio (1.75) indicates the overall influence of vehicular emissions. The current dataset of carbonaceous aerosols collated with other Indian studies could be used to validate the global aerosol models on a regional scale and aid in evidence-based air pollution reduction strategies.