| Literature DB >> 34817015 |
Luciana Vergara Ferraz de Souza1, Maria Thereza Campagnolo2, Luiz Claudio Behrmann Martins3, Maurício Ibrahim Scanavacca3.
Abstract
Amiodarone is widely used in treating atrial and ventricular arrhythmias; however, due to its high iodine concentration, the chronic use of the drug can induce thyroid disorders. Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) can decompensate and exacerbate underlying cardiac abnormalities, leading to increased morbidity and mortality, especially in patients with left ventricular ejection fraction <30%. AIT cases are classified into two subtypes that guide therapeutic management. The risks and benefits of maintaining the amiodarone must be evaluated individually, and the therapeutic decision should be taken jointly by cardiologists and endocrinologists. Type 1 AIT treatment is similar to that of spontaneous hyperthyroidism, using antithyroid drugs (methimazole and propylthiouracil) at high doses. Type 1 AIT is more complicated since it has proportionally higher recurrences or even non-remission, and definitive treatment is recommended (total thyroidectomy or radioiodine). Type 2 AIT is generally self-limited, yet due to the high mortality associated with thyrotoxicosis in cardiac patients, the treatment should be implemented for faster achievement of euthyroidism. Furthermore, in well-defined cases of type 2 AIT, the treatment with corticosteroids is more effective than treatment with antithyroid drugs. In severe cases, regardless of subtype, immediate restoration of euthyroidism through total thyroidectomy should be considered before the patient progresses to excessive clinical deterioration, as delayed surgery indication is associated with increased mortality.Entities:
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Year: 2021 PMID: 34817015 PMCID: PMC8682089 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20190757
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Arq Bras Cardiol ISSN: 0066-782X Impact factor: 2.000
Estudos demonstrando incidência dos distúrbios tireoidianos induzidos pelo uso da amiodarona
| Primeiro autor, Ano | País | Número de pacientes | Hipotireoidismo induzido pela amiodarona | Tireotoxicose induzida pela amiodarona | Tipo de estudo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Martino E,8 1984 | Itália E.U.A. | Itália: 188 E.U.A.: 41 | Itália 10 (5%) E.U.A.: 9 (22%) | Itália: 18 (9.6%) E.U.A.: 1 (2%) | Não descrito |
| Trip MD,[ | Países Baixos | 58 | 10 (17,2%) | 11 (18,9%) | Prospectivo |
| Yiu KH,[ | Hong Kong | 354 | 73 (20.6%) | 57 (16.1%) | Prospectivo |
| Stan MN,[ | E.U.A. | 169 | Não estudado | 23 (13,6%) | Retrospectivo |
| Huang C-J,[ | Taiwan | 527 | 69 (13.1%) | 21 (4%) | Retrospectivo |
| Uchida T,[ | Japão | 225 | Não estudado | 13 (5.8%) TIA 2 | Retrospectivo |
| Lee KF,[ | Hong Kong | 390 | 87 (22%) | 24 (6%) | Retrospectivo |
| Benjamens S,[ | Países Baixos | 303 | 33 (10,8%) | 44 (15,5%) | Retrospectivo |
| Barrett B,[ | E.U.A. | 190 | 26 (13.7%) | 4 (2.1%) 25% resolução espontânea | Retrospectivo |
Figura 1Fisiopatologia das principais formas de TIA. TIA: tireotoxicose induzida pela amiodarona.
Principais características dos subtipos de TIA[14]
| Características | TIA tipo 1 | TIA tipo 2 |
|---|---|---|
| Alterações tireoidianas prévias | Sim | Usualmente não |
| Doppler fluxometria | Vascularidade aumentada | Ausência de hipervascularidade |
| Captação de iodo radioativo | Baixa, normal ou elevada | Suprimida |
| Anticorpos antitireoidianos | Presente se relacionado a doença de Graves | Usualmente ausentes |
| Início após amiodarona | Curto (média de 3 meses) | Longo (média de 30 meses) |
| Remissão espontânea | Não | Possível |
| Evolução para hipotireoidismo | Não | Possível |
| Tratamento de primeira linha | Drogas antitireoidianas | Glicocortocoides orais |
| Tratamento definitivo subsequente | Geralmente sim | Não |
Modificado de Bartalena L et al.,[14] TIA: tireotoxicose induzida pela amiodarona.
Figura 2Algoritmo para manejo de tireotoxicose induzida pela amiodarona (TIA). Modificado de Bartalena L, et al.[14]
Studies showing the incidence of thyroid disorders induced by amiodarone use
| First Author, Year | Country | Number of patients | Amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism | Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis | Study design |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Martino E,8 1984 | Italy | Italy: 188 | Italy: 10 (5%) | Italy: 18 (9.6%) | Not described |
| Trip MD,[ | The Netherlands | 58 | 10 (17,2%) | 11 (18,9%) | Prospective |
| Yiu KH,[ | Hong Kong | 354 | 73 (20.6%) | 57 (16.1%) | Retrospective |
| Stan MN,[ | U.S.A. | 169 | Not studied | 23 (13,6%) | Retrospective |
| Huang C-J,[ | Taiwan | 527 | 69 (13.1%) | 21 (4%) | Retrospective |
| Uchida T,[ | Japan | 225 | Not studied | 13 (5.8%) AIT 2 | Retrospective |
| Lee KF,[ | Hong Kong | 390 | 87 (22%) | 24 (6%) | Retrospective |
| Benjamens S,[ | The Netherlands | 303 | 33 (10,8%) | AIT: 44 (15,5%) | Retrospective |
| Barrett B,[ | U.S.A. | Total: 190 | 26 (13.7%) | 4 (2.1%) | Retrospective |
Figure 1Pathophysiology of the main forms of AIT. AIT: amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis.
Main characteristics of AIT subtypes[14]
| Characteristics | Type 1 AIT | Type 2 AIT |
|---|---|---|
| Previous thyroid changes | Yes | Usually no |
| Dopplerfluxometry | Increased vascularity | No hypervascularity |
| Radioactive iodine uptake | Low, normal or high | Supressed |
| Antithyroid Antibodies | Present if related to Graves' disease | Usually absent |
| Onset time after starting amiodarone | Short (median 3 months) | Long (median 30 months) |
| Spontaneous remission | No | Possible |
| Subsequent hypothyroidism | No | Possible |
| First-line treatment | Antithyroid Drugs | Oral glucocorticoids |
| Subsequent definitive treatment | Generally yes | No |
Modified from Bartalena L et al.[14] AIT: amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis.
Figure 2Algorithm for the management of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT). Modified from Bartalena L, et al.[14]