Clinical Characteristics of Corynebacterium Bacteremia Caused by Different Species, Japan, 2014-2020.

Corynebacterium bacteria are club-shaped gram-positive rods that are ubiquitous in the environment. Because Corynebacterium species other than C. diphtheriae colonize skin and mucous membranes in humans, Corynebacterium is typically considered a clinically nonsignificant contaminant in cultures (). Recently, the frequency of detecting C. striatum and C. jeikeium as causative agents of severe bloodstream infections (,), infective endocarditis, pneumonia, meningitis, and skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) has increased (). Furthermore, these 2 species have been identified most frequently in cultures of clinical specimens, mainly blood, pus, urine, and pleural effusion ().

Studies that have identified Corynebacterium infections or bacteremia to the species level are limited, and most are case reports (). The largest study to date of Corynebacterium bacteremia investigated 98 cases; however, the species were not identified (). The largest study that identified Corynebacterium species included 30 cases of true bacteremia in 339 patients with positive blood cultures (). In our study, we aimed to determine the differences in characteristics and clinical presentations for patients with bacteremia caused by C. striatum, C. jeikeium, or other species of Corynebacterium.

Materials and Methods

Study Design

We retrospectively reviewed electronic medical records and clinical microbiology records of patients with positive blood cultures for Corynebacterium spp. in Kameda Medical Center (Chiba, Japan) during January 2014–May 2020. This facility is an 865-bed, tertiary-care general medical center that provides a wide variety of services including general medicine, surgery, oncology, cardiothoracic surgery, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and renal transplantation to ≈310,000 persons each year. All patients with blood cultures positive for any organism are automatically referred to the infectious diseases department for consultation. Board-certified infectious disease physicians evaluate the patients and document the consultation report in medical records. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Kameda Medical Center Institutional Review Board (reference no. 20-046). The need for written informed consent was waived. The study complied with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Study Population

We included all patients at the hospital who had blood cultures positive for Corynebacterium spp. during the study period. We collected data about age, sex, underlying conditions, clinical diagnosis, 90-day mortality rates, species of Corynebacterium, and antimicrobial susceptibility. If the same patient had multiple episodes of Corynebacterium bacteremia during the study period, we included only the first episode.

Definitions

We defined a case as true bacteremia when 2 sets of blood cultures from a patient with signs of infection were positive for Corynebacterium spp. or when 1 set of blood cultures and a clinically relevant specimen from another site (e.g., urine or sputum) where the infection was thought to exist (on the basis of signs/symptoms and examination findings) were both positive for the same species of Corynebacterium. For patients with only 1 set of blood cultures in which Corynebacterium spp. were detected and for whom bacteremia was clinically suspected, new blood cultures were performed, and reevaluated as necessary, before antimicrobial agents were initiated. These patients were carefully followed by our infectious disease physicians to ensure the absence of infection. This definition was based on a previous study ().

Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) was considered definite for patients who met 1 of the following 3 criteria: 1) >1 set of blood cultures and semiquantitative cultures of a catheter segment (>15 CFUs/plate) were both positive for the same Corynebacterium species; 2) peripheral blood cultures and blood cultures from a catheter lumen were both positive for the same species of Corynebacterium, and its differential time to positivity was >2 hours (); or 3) 2 sets of blood cultures were positive for Corynebacterium species, and signs of inflammation or purulence were present at the catheter insertion site (). Diagnosis of other focal infections were based on the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Healthcare Safety Network criteria ().

We classified a case as no focus when physical examination by infectious disease physicians revealed no localized signs of infection, urinalysis was negative for pyuria or bacteriuria, chest images (radiographs or computed tomography scans) showed no infiltrates or masses, and the case still satisfied the criteria for true bacteremia. Chronic kidney disease was defined as being present when serum creatinine level was >2.0 mg/dL. Liver disease was defined as presence of liver cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis B or C.

Laboratory Methods

We used RapID CB Plus (Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co. Ltd., https://www.kyokutoseiyaku.co.jp) for bacterial identification during January 2014–May 2015. This kit correctly identifies 95% of Corynebacterium isolates to the species level (). Starting in June 2015, we identified strains by using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and a Bruker MALDI Biotyper (Bruker Daltonics GmbH, https://www.bruker.com). We used score cutoff values according to recommendations proposed by the manufacturer (>2.0). For some cases in which no identification or ambiguous identification was achieved by these methods, we confirmed identification by using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. We performed antimicrobial susceptibility tests by broth microdilution, using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, https://clsi.org) M45 A2:2ED 2010 during January 2014–December 2016 and CLSI M45 3rd edition from January 2017 on.

Statistical Analyses

We used Fisher exact or Pearson χ2 tests to compare categorical variables. For continuous variables, we used Mann–Whitney U or paired t-tests, and for estimating survival probabilities we used Kaplan-Meier curves. We estimated and compared the cumulative incidence of mortality by using the log-rank test and compared differences in antimicrobial susceptibility between Corynebacteria species by using Fisher exact or Pearson χ2 tests. We considered p<0.05 to indicate statistical significance. We performed all statistical analyses by using EZR (Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan), a graphical user interface for R (The R Foundation, https://www.r-project.org) ().

Results

Proportion of True Bacteremia Cases

Of 115 patients in this study, C. striatum was detected in 67 (58%), C. jeikeium in 14 (12%), and other Corynebacteria species in 34 (30%) patients. The category of other consisted of 15 species (Table 1). In total, there were 60 cases of true bacteremia and 55 cases of contamination, resulting in 52% of patients having true bacteremia. Of the 60 patients with true bacteremia, 55 had >2 sets of positive blood cultures with Corynebacterium spp.; 5 had 1 set of positive blood cultures but met the definition of true bacteremia in our study. Of 115 patients, >2 genera of bacteria were detected in blood culture from only 1 patient; this patient had diverticulitis and bacteremia caused by Corynebacterium spp. and Escherichia coli. The patient recovered after receiving treatment for E. coli bacteremia alone; Corynebacterium spp. were considered to be contaminants. The percentages of true bacteremia cases caused by C. striatum (70%) and C. jeikeium (71%) were significantly higher than those for other species (9%; p<0.001 for each) (Table 2).

Table 1

Patients with Corynebacterium species detected in blood cultures, Japan, 2014–2020

Corynebacterium species	Total, n = 115	True bacteremia, n = 60	Contamination, n = 55
C. striatum	67	47	20
C. jeikeium	14	10	4
Other, total	34	3	31
C. accolens	1	0	1
C. afermentans	6	0	6
C. amycolatum	4	1	3
C. aurimucosum	4	0	4
C. coyleae	1	0	1
C. glucuronolyticum	1	0	1
C. minutissimum	4	0	4
C. mucifaciens	1	0	1
C. pseudodiphtheriticum	1	0	1
C. resistens	2	0	2
C. riegelii	1	1	0
C. simulans	3	0	3
C. singulare	2	0	2
C. tuberculostearicum	2	0	2
C. urealyticum	1	1	0

Table 2

Clinical diagnosis and characteristics of patients with Corynebacterium species detected in blood culture, Japan, 2014–2020*

Variable	All, n = 115	C. striatum, %, n = 67	C. jeikeium, %, n = 14	Other species, %, n = 34	p values
					C. striatum vs. other species	C. jeikeium vs. other species
Age, y	71	71	66	77	0.055	<0.001
Sex
M	80 (70)	51 (76)	13 (93)	16 (47)	<0.01	<0.001
F	35 (30)	16 (24)	1 (7)	18 (53)	<0.01	<0.001
Underlying disease, no. (%)
Diabetes mellitus	27 (23)	14 (20)	2 (14)	11 (32)	0.309	0.292
Chronic kidney disease	16 (14)	9 (13)	2 (14)	5 (15)	1	1
Liver disease	4 (4)	4 (6)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0.299	NA
Solid tumor	27 (24)	13 (19)	4 (29)	10 (29)	0.378	1
Leukemia†	20 (17)	11 (16)	8 (57)	1 (3)	0.056	<0.001
Malignant lymphoma‡	14 (12)	8 (12)	3 (21)	3 (9)	0.537	0.171
Hematologic malignancy§	38 (33)	24 (36)	9 (64)	5 (15)	0.036	<0.01
Underlying condition, no. (%)
Neutropenia, <500 cells/mm3	29 (25)	19 (28)	8 (57)	2 (6)	<0.01	<0.001
Corticosteroid	8 (7)	5 (8)	2 (14)	1 (3)	0.661	0.2
Chemotherapy, within 3 mo	41 (36)	23(34)	10 (71)	8 (24)	0.377	<0.01
Clinical diagnosis, no. (%)
True bacteremia	60 (52)	47 (70)	10 (71)	3 (9)	<0.001	<0.001
No focus	25 (22)	19 (29)	6 (43)	0	ND	ND
CRBSI	17 (15)	13 (19)	3 (21)	1 (3)	ND	ND
Other focus¶	18 (16)	15 (22)	1 (7)	2 (6)	ND	ND
Contamination	55 (48)	20 (30)	4 (29)	31 (91)	<0.001	<0.001

*ALL, acute lymphoid leukemia; AML, acute myeloid leukemia; CRBSI: catheter-related blood stream infection; DLBCL, diffuse large B cell lymphoma; MDS, myelodysplastic syndrome; MM, multiple myeloma; NA, not applicable; ND, not done; IVLBCL, intravascular large B cell lymphoma.; PTCL, peripheral T-cell lymphoma.

†No. cases: AML, 17; ALL, 3,

‡No.cases: DLBCL, n = 8: PCTL, n =3; IVLBCL, n = 1; lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, n= 1,: Burkitt lymphoma, n = 1.

§No. cases: leukemia, n = 20; lymphoma, n = 14; MM, n = 3; MDS, n = 1; myelofibrosis, n = 2.

¶No. cases: pyelonephritis, n = 5; skin and soft tissue infection, n = 4; empyema, n = 2; pneumonia, n = 1; prostatitis, n = 1; infective endocarditis, n = 1; osteomyelitis, n = 1; vascular graft infection, n = 1; central venous port infection, n = 1; spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, n = 1.

Clinical Diagnosis and Underlying Diseases

Hematologic malignancy was the most common underlying disease (33%), especially in 64% of patients with C. jeikeium bacteremia, followed by solid tumors (24%) and diabetes mellitus (23%) (Table 2). C. striatum and C. jeikeium were more frequently detected than other species in patients with hematologic malignancy (p = 0.036 and p<0.001, respectively) and neutropenia (p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively). Of the 60 patients with true bacteremia, 25 (42%) had infection at an unknown site; 17 (28%) had CRBSI; and 18 (30%) had infection at other foci, including SSTI, pyelonephritis, pneumonia, empyema, infective endocarditis, vertebral osteomyelitis, central venous port infection, and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.

Mortality Rates

Mortality rates among patients with true bacteremia were 34% among those with bacteremia caused by C. striatum, 30% by C. jeikeium, and 0 by other species of Corynebacterium. (Figure). We observed no significant differences in survival rates between these groups (C. striatum p = 0.25 and C. jeikeium p = 0.32). Six patients experienced a fulminant course of illness that resulted in death within 7 days; for all 6 patients, the causative organism was C. striatum.

Figure

Kaplan-Meier curve showing survival probability after episodes of true bacteremia caused by Corynebacterium species, Japan, 2014–2020.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility

All tested strains of Corynebacterium, regardless of species, were susceptible to vancomycin, linezolid, and minocycline (Table 3). C. striatum and C. jeikeium were less susceptible than other species to penicillin (p<0.001 for each), ceftriaxone (p<0.001 for each), meropenem (p<0.001 for each), erythromycin (p<0.01 for each), and ciprofloxacin (p<0.001 for C. striatum and p = 0.02 for C. jeikeium).

Table 3

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Corynebacterium species isolated from blood culture, Japan, 2014–2020*

Species	Susceptible/tested (%)
	PEN	CRO	MEM	GEN	CIP	MIN	CLI	ERY	VAN	LZD†
C. striatum, n = 67	14/67 (21)	5/67 (7)	17/67 (25)	59/67 (88)	3/67 (4)	67/67 (100)	8/67 (12)	13/67 (19)	67/67 (100)	4/4 (100)
C. jeikeium, n = 14	0/14 (0)	0/14 (0)	5/14 (36)	5/14 (36)	0/14 (0)	14/14 (100)	0/14 (0)	0/14 (0)	14/14 (100)	3/3 (100)
Other species, n = 34	27/34 (79)	22/34 (65)	31/34 (91)	30/34 (88)	10/34 (29)	34/34 (100)	6/34 (18)	16/34 (47)	34/34 (100)	2/2 (100)
All, n = 115	41/115 (36)	27/115 (23)	53/115 (46)	94/115 (82)	13/115 (11)	115/115 (100)	14/115 (12)	29/115 (25)	115/115 (100)	9/9 (100)

*CIP, ciprofloxacin; CLI, clindamycin; CRO, ceftriaxone; ERY, erythromycin; GEN, gentamicin; LZD, linezolid; MEM, meropenem; MIN, minocycline; PEN, penicillin; VAN, vancomycin.

†Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for linezolid was only performed if requested by physicians.

Discussion

With regard to the characteristics of Corynebacterium bacteremia at the species level, we report 3 major findings. First, C. striatum and C. jeikeium each caused true bacteremia more frequently than did other Corynebacterium species. Second, hematologic malignancies were the most common underlying disease in patients with Corynebacterium bacteremia (33%). Third, although the most common sources of infection were of unknown origin and CRBSI, other sources (e.g., pyelonephritis, SSTI, and empyema) accounted for 30% of true bacteremia cases.

The strengths of our study include having had infectious disease specialists assess infection sites and classify cases as true bacteremia to ensure study quality. Furthermore, detailed clinical and microbiological data were available because we included all cases of Corynebacterium bacteremia in our center over 6 years.

A previous study reported that contamination rates varied among species of Corynebacterium and that C. jeikeium caused true bacteremia more frequently than other species (). The overall contamination rates of 48% in all patients treated in our study approximated those for 2 previous studies in Japan (46% and 42%) (,). However, higher contamination rates were reported in a study performed in Sweden (), where 93% of these cases were considered to be contaminations and C. afermentans accounted for 14%, C. aurimucosum for 7%, and C. amycolatum for 6% of the total Corynebacterium species detected in blood culture. Our study also demonstrated a high contamination rate of 93% for those species, but our frequency of detection was less than that in the previous study; detection rates in our study were 5% for C. afermentans, 3% for C. aurimucosum, and 3% for C. amycolatum. The difference in contamination rates in both studies may be underpinned by regional differences in the epidemiology of Corynebacterium species. It is plausible that the study populations may differ because the study in Sweden was population based, whereas our study was performed in a tertiary-care hospital. Furthermore, indications for blood culture may differ between these studies

Bacteremia with C. striatum or C. jeikeium, the most frequently identified species in our study, seemed to be more associated with a higher 90-day mortality rate when compared with other species, although we observed no significant difference. Factors associated with a poor prognosis for Corynebacterium spp. bacteremia are mixed infection, chronic kidney disease, and lack of a central venous catheter (). However, we are unaware of any study that has reported on differences in mortality rate among patients with infections by different species of Corynebacterium. One study reported that C. striatum formed biofilms on polyurethane catheters in vitro and hypothesized that biofilm may contribute to the establishment of hospital-acquired infections (). Indeed, biofilm formation has been associated with true bacteremia in another study (). C. jeikeium has also been reported to form biofilm, which can promote opportunistic infections (). Although further study is needed, the tendency for C. striatum and C. jeikeium to form biofilm and their association with true bacteremia may be a reason for worse outcomes compared with outcomes for infection with other Corynebacterium species.

All strains of Corynebacterium spp. detected in this study were sensitive to vancomycin, minocycline, and linezolid. A previous study reported that most isolates were resistant to penicillin, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline, and in contrast, all isolates were sensitive to vancomycin (). In another study, only a few strains of C. jeikeium were resistant to doxycycline (). The results of our study are consistent with those reports.

The most common underlying disease in patients with Corynebacterium bacteremia in our study was hematologic malignancy (33%). Among bacteremic patients with hematologic malignancies, the second most common gram-positive bacteria were Corynebacterium spp. (). C. striatum was more likely to cause bacteremia in patients with malignancies or neutropenia (), and C. jeikeium also caused bacteremia, frequently in patients with neutropenia or a history of previous antimicrobial treatment (). The reason for the higher frequency of Corynebacterium bacteremia in patients with hematologic malignancies remains unknown. Among patients with hematologic malignancies, the reported rate of skin or rectal colonization with Corynebacterium spp. was 41% (). We hypothesize that skin and mucosal barrier failures resulting from intense chemotherapy, chronic indwelling infusion catheters, and increased colonization may put patients with hematologic malignancies at a higher risk for Corynebacterium bacteremia.

Although the most common sources for Corynebacterium bacteremia were unknown or CRBSI, other sources accounted for 30% (18/60 cases), including lower respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and SSTIs. Previous studies have reported that C. striatum can cause pneumonia (), urinary tract infections, and intra-abdominal infections (). Case studies have also reported C. jeikeium as being responsible for infective endocarditis (), pacemaker infections (), and prosthetic joint infections (). Corynebacterium spp. are often reported as coryneform and not fully identified unless they are from sterile specimens because they colonize the skin and are ubiquitous in the environment. We emphasize the value of actively identifying coryneforms in specimens, even if they are not sterile (e.g., sputum or urine), especially in suspected cases of Corynebacterium bacteremia.

The first limitation of our study is that it was a retrospective single-center study. However, we believe that our results can be generalized to other tertiary institutions because the common species of Corynebacterium and susceptibility results obtained in our study do not differ considerably from others (,); moreover, our hospital is a referral center providing tertiary care in the region. Second, because of the difficulty of separating true bacteremia from contamination when Corynebacterium spp. are detected in blood culture, it is possible that we may have missed patients with true bacteremia. For example, we may have missed a patient with prosthetic valve endocarditis when Corynebacterium spp. were detected in only 1 set of blood cultures as a result of previous antimicrobial drug use because it did not meet the criteria for true bacteremia in our study. It is also possible that detection of Corynebacterium in 2 sets of blood cultures may actually represent contamination. To minimize the risk of incorrectly categorizing Corynebacterium bacteremia into true bacteremia or contamination, each case was carefully discussed during daily rounds and cases were routinely closely followed up with repeated blood culture if deemed necessary. Third, the number of cases of infection with the other 15 species of Corynebacterium was small, and the sample size was insufficient to describe the clinical characteristics of bacteremia caused by each of these species. Last, we used RapID CB Plus and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry mainly for identification and performed 16s rRNA sequencing analysis for only a subset of cases.

In conclusion, the proportion of cases of true bacteremia caused by C. striatum or C. jeikeium was higher than that caused by other Corynebacterium species, and the mortality rate for true bacteremia was ≈30%. C. striatum and C. jeikeium were frequently detected in patients with hematologic malignancies and neutropenia. Healthcare providers should give special consideration to these 2 species of Corynebacterium and consider the possibility of true bacteremia rather than contamination when they are detected in blood cultures, especially in patients with hematologic malignancies.