Vicarious trauma and nursing: An integrative review.

Nursing requires empathic engagement, within therapeutic relationships, to ensure the delivery of compassionate care. Empathic engagement with people who have experienced trauma is known to potentially lead to experiences of vicarious trauma occurring in the caregiver. However, relatively little is known about the implications of vicarious trauma for nurses. This integrative review aimed to explore what is known about vicarious trauma and consider its implications for nursing. Twenty-two articles were included in the review, with findings considering how vicarious trauma is conceptualized and applied to nursing in the literature, what implications of vicarious trauma, specific to nursing, are identified in the literature, and what vicarious trauma interventions are identified to apply to nursing. The findings highlight clear articulation of the concept of vicarious trauma and its relevance to nursing, including its pervasive and significant personal and professional effects. Vicarious trauma was identified to be a workplace hazard for nurses working across settings, which also impacts upon organizations. The review highlighted that at individual, team, organizational, and social levels, awareness and preventative approaches are recommended. These approaches require systemic supports that foster individual coping mechanisms, self-care and support networks for nurses, education about vicarious trauma, screening for vicarious trauma, and formalized access to clinical supervision and peer support for all nurses. With increasing awareness of trauma across health care settings, and a move towards the delivery of 'trauma informed care', recognition of vicarious trauma amongst nurses as a likely 'cost' of the delivery of compassionate care to trauma survivors, is essential.