Qi Zhang1, Junzhou Zhang2, Kayoung Park3, Chuanyi Tang4, Patrick W McLaughlin5, Brian Stacy6. 1. School of Community and Environmental Health, 6042Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA. 2. Department of Marketing, 8087Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA. 3. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, 6042Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA. 4. Department of Marketing, 6042Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA. 5. 1097United States Department of Agriculture-Economic Research Service, Washington, DC, USA. 6. 8419World Bank, Washington, DC, USA.
Abstract
PURPOSE: This study aims to examine the relationship between cash value benefit (CVB) redemption outcomes in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) across food processing types and socio-demographics. DESIGN: Cross-sectional and panel analyses. SETTING: Virginia. SUBJECTS: 98,067 Virginia WIC households. MEASURES: CVB redemption rate. RESULTS: The predominant share of CVB redemption was for fresh produce (77.3%). Non-Hispanic whites and blacks redeemed a smaller share of fresh produce than Hispanic participants (P < .001). Non-Hispanic black WIC households have a significantly lower CVB redemption rate than non-Hispanic white WIC households (β = -.008, P < .001). Households with a child participant tend to have a higher redemption rate (β = .01, P < .001). The redemption rates of fruits and of vegetables were positively correlated with household size. CONCLUSIONS: Minority status and household size were significantly related to CVB redemptions among Virginia WIC participants.
PURPOSE: This study aims to examine the relationship between cash value benefit (CVB) redemption outcomes in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) across food processing types and socio-demographics. DESIGN: Cross-sectional and panel analyses. SETTING: Virginia. SUBJECTS: 98,067 Virginia WIC households. MEASURES: CVB redemption rate. RESULTS: The predominant share of CVB redemption was for fresh produce (77.3%). Non-Hispanic whites and blacks redeemed a smaller share of fresh produce than Hispanic participants (P < .001). Non-Hispanic black WIC households have a significantly lower CVB redemption rate than non-Hispanic white WIC households (β = -.008, P < .001). Households with a child participant tend to have a higher redemption rate (β = .01, P < .001). The redemption rates of fruits and of vegetables were positively correlated with household size. CONCLUSIONS: Minority status and household size were significantly related to CVB redemptions among Virginia WIC participants.
Entities:
Keywords:
WIC program; benefit redemption; food security; fruit and vegetable consumption; low-income consumer
Authors: Catherine E Martinez; Lorrene D Ritchie; Danielle L Lee; Marisa M Tsai; Christopher E Anderson; Shannon E Whaley Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2022-08-25 Impact factor: 4.614