Adam Hege1, Sandi Lane2, Trent Spaulding2, Margaret Sugg3, Lakshmi S Iyer4. 1. Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA. 2. Department of Nutrition and Healthcare Management, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA. 3. Department of Geography and Planning, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA. 4. Department of Computer Information Systems, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Nursing homes are a primary setting of COVID-19 transmission and death, but research has primarily focused only on factors within nursing homes. We investigated the relationship between US nursing home-associated COVID-19 infection rates and county-level and nursing home attributes. METHODS: We constructed panel data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) minimum dataset, CMS nursing home data, 2010 US Census data, 5-year (2012-2016) American Community Survey estimates, and county COVID-19 infection rates. We analyzed COVID-19 data from June 1, 2020, through January 31, 2021, during 7 five-week periods. We used a maximum likelihood estimator, including an autoregressive term, to estimate effects and changes over time. We performed 3 model forms (basic, partial, and full) for analysis. RESULTS: Nursing homes with nursing (0.005) and staff (0.002) shortages had high COVID-19 infection rates, and locally owned (-0.007) or state-owned (-0.025) and nonprofit (-0.011) agencies had lower COVID-19 infection rates than privately owned agencies. County-level COVID-19 infection rates corresponded with COVID-19 infection rates in nursing homes. Racial and ethnic minority groups had high nursing home-associated COVID-19 infection rates early in the study. High median annual personal income (-0.002) at the county level correlated with lower nursing home-associated COVID-19 infection rates. CONCLUSIONS: Communities with low rates of nursing home infections had access to more resources (eg, financial resources, staffing) and likely had better mitigation efforts in place earlier in the pandemic than nursing homes that had access to few resources and poor mitigation efforts. Future research should address the social and structural determinants of health that are leaving racial and ethnic minority populations and institutions such as nursing homes vulnerable during times of crises.
OBJECTIVES: Nursing homes are a primary setting of COVID-19 transmission and death, but research has primarily focused only on factors within nursing homes. We investigated the relationship between US nursing home-associated COVID-19 infection rates and county-level and nursing home attributes. METHODS: We constructed panel data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) minimum dataset, CMS nursing home data, 2010 US Census data, 5-year (2012-2016) American Community Survey estimates, and county COVID-19 infection rates. We analyzed COVID-19 data from June 1, 2020, through January 31, 2021, during 7 five-week periods. We used a maximum likelihood estimator, including an autoregressive term, to estimate effects and changes over time. We performed 3 model forms (basic, partial, and full) for analysis. RESULTS: Nursing homes with nursing (0.005) and staff (0.002) shortages had high COVID-19 infection rates, and locally owned (-0.007) or state-owned (-0.025) and nonprofit (-0.011) agencies had lower COVID-19 infection rates than privately owned agencies. County-level COVID-19 infection rates corresponded with COVID-19 infection rates in nursing homes. Racial and ethnic minority groups had high nursing home-associated COVID-19 infection rates early in the study. High median annual personal income (-0.002) at the county level correlated with lower nursing home-associated COVID-19 infection rates. CONCLUSIONS: Communities with low rates of nursing home infections had access to more resources (eg, financial resources, staffing) and likely had better mitigation efforts in place earlier in the pandemic than nursing homes that had access to few resources and poor mitigation efforts. Future research should address the social and structural determinants of health that are leaving racial and ethnic minority populations and institutions such as nursing homes vulnerable during times of crises.
Entities:
Keywords:
American Community Survey; COVID-19; Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services; nursing homes; social inequities; structural inequities
Authors: Margaret M Sugg; Trent J Spaulding; Sandi J Lane; Jennifer D Runkle; Stella R Harden; Adam Hege; Lakshmi S Iyer Journal: Sci Total Environ Date: 2020-08-25 Impact factor: 7.963
Authors: Temet M McMichael; Dustin W Currie; Shauna Clark; Sargis Pogosjans; Meagan Kay; Noah G Schwartz; James Lewis; Atar Baer; Vance Kawakami; Margaret D Lukoff; Jessica Ferro; Claire Brostrom-Smith; Thomas D Rea; Michael R Sayre; Francis X Riedo; Denny Russell; Brian Hiatt; Patricia Montgomery; Agam K Rao; Eric J Chow; Farrell Tobolowsky; Michael J Hughes; Ana C Bardossy; Lisa P Oakley; Jesica R Jacobs; Nimalie D Stone; Sujan C Reddy; John A Jernigan; Margaret A Honein; Thomas A Clark; Jeffrey S Duchin Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 2020-03-27 Impact factor: 91.245