Fabrication of polypyrrole nanowire arrays-modified electrode for point-of-use water disinfection via low-voltage electroporation.

Still ∼10% of world's population has no sustainable access to centralized water supply system, causing millions of deaths annually by waterborne diseases. Here, we develop polypyrrole nanowire arrays (PPyNWs)-modified electrodes by polymerization of pyrrole on graphite felt for point-of-use water disinfection via low-voltage electroporation. A flow-through mode is specially applied to alleviate diffusion barrier of pyrrole in the porous graphite felt for uniform PPyNWs growth. The flow-through disinfection device using the optimized PPyNWs electrode achieves above 4-log removal for model virus (MS2) and gram-positive/negative bacteria (E. faecalis and E. coli) at applied voltage of 1.0 V and fluxes below 1000 and 2500 L/m2/h. Electroporation is recognized as the dominant disinfection mechanism by using square-wave alternating voltage of ±1.0 V to eliminate the electrochemical reactions. In-situ sampling experiments reveal that anode acts as the main disinfection function due to its electric field attraction with negatively charged E. coli cells. The live/dead baclight staining experiments indicate an adsorption-desorption process of E. coli cells on anode, and the adsorption-desorption balance determines the disinfection abilities of PPyNWs anode. Under 1.0 V and 2000 L/m2/h, the disinfection device enables above 4-log E. coli removal in tap water within 7-day operation with energy consumption below 20 mJ/L, suggesting its sound application potential for point-of-use water disinfection.