Literature DB >> 34758076

Progressive Tension Sutures Eliminate the Need for Drains in Body Contouring Surgery.

Christopher K Patronella1.   

Abstract

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Year:  2022        PMID: 34758076      PMCID: PMC8844993          DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjab390

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Aesthet Surg J        ISSN: 1090-820X            Impact factor:   4.283


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Dr Pollock’s historical review of the progressive tension suture (PTS) technique and theoretical mechanism[1-3] of seroma prevention in abdominoplasty is informative and well received. Any differences in technique described by Dr Pollock do not alter the basic clinical advantages of PTS: (1) flap stabilization with less disruption at the healing flap-fascia interface, reducing inflammatory fluid collections; and (2) uniform distribution of tension over the entire flap, theoretically enhancing vascularity. I have proposed a slightly different technique[4,5] in my quest to provide aesthetic advantages as well (to be discussed below). As with many procedures in plastic surgery, our techniques evolve over time as a consequence of our experiences. Changing our techniques is often necessitated by the problems we encounter along the way. We are the beneficiaries of the thoughtful insight of those before us,[1-3] and thus, as I teach our residents, there is no need to repeat the same mistakes we have made in our own experiences. When I read Pollocks’ original paper[1] in 2000, I decided to implement this strategy to prevent and manage seroma and its sequela with abdominoplasty procedures. To my satisfaction, this common complication soon became nearly non-existent on incorporation of this technique. Being naturally cautious and suffering from the fixed memory of many prolonged patient recoveries in my practice, I continued to utilize drains for many years despite the continued reassurances from Harlan Pollock in personal conversations that it was not necessary. I gradually began removing drains earlier and earlier postoperatively until I took the “bold” step of eliminating them completely many years ago, finding no substantial increase in inflammatory fluid collections. Concomitantly, I began employing PTS with lower body lift, thigh lift, and upper body lift procedures. It seemed easier to eliminate potential space (I prefer avoiding the word “dead” in my descriptions) with PTS in these procedures, and I abandoned the utilization of drains even sooner than with abdominoplasty without any noticeable increase in seroma. I am not aware of any other papers describing the utilization of PTS for upper and lower body lift procedures. The near elimination of seroma after abdominoplasty with a properly performed progressive tension suture technique is now well established in the literature.[6-13] It cannot be overstated that prolonged utilization of drains, serial aspiration, infection, and reoperation adversely affect our results and negatively impact the patient experience. I agree with Dr Pollock that a well-informed, savvy consumer, so easily facilitated by the internet, now seeks out plastic surgeons who have abandoned the utilization of drains.[14] Although this alone does not justify the abandonment of drains (ie, “first do no harm”), it is certainly motivation to examine our conventional approaches when other techniques have established safety. It is true that, once the learning curve has been compressed, an additional 15 minutes is required for placement, a relatively small time commitment for the benefit derived. In response to the issue of suture type and quantity of PTS needed, a review of my entire technique[4,5] is necessary. I agree with Dr Pollock that PTS placed in Scarpa’s fascia (not the dermis) resolve relatively quickly (in weeks) in most circumstances.[14] Occasionally, in my experience, with careful scrutiny of the flap, some dimpling may require 2 to 3 months to resolve, probably a result of the longer-lasting polydioxanone (PDS) that I favor. The superior sliding allows easier tension adjustment, and the longevity of PDS assists in my overall strategy for both seroma reduction and anatomical definition when placing PTS. A suture with shorter longevity such as Vicryl or Moncryl might provide reassurance for those apprehensive about dimpling. In my previous paper published in 2015 in the Aesthetic Surgery Journal,[4] I described an “anatomy-defining” application of PTS. Combined with direct differential sub-Scarpa’s lipectomy, I employ additional running and interrupted PTS in an effort to enhance definition of the linea alba and linea semilunaris, respectively, and to deepen the external oblique fossa laterally. In my experience, splinting or fixating the differentially thinned flap with a long-lasting (PDS) suture enhances abdominal definition, creating improved aesthetics and patient perception of a less surgical and more authentic appearance. In addition, the slightly greater number of sutures I have recommended allows more thorough flap advancement and uniform skin tone over the entire abdominal wall, reducing the potential for residual upper abdominal skin laxity. Likewise, I have found that the utilization of PTS with upper and lower body lift surgery[5] has made the experience more tolerable for patients and results more consistent, with fewer major and minor wound-healing complications interrupting recovery. As subjective validation, I am more confident when recommending these procedures to patients, knowing that I can successfully meet my patients’ and my own expectations.
  14 in total

1.  Commentary on: Expanding the Progressive Tension Suture Concept: A Study of its Utility in Body Contouring Procedures.

Authors:  Todd A Pollock
Journal:  Aesthet Surg J       Date:  2021-04-08       Impact factor: 4.283

2.  Drainless Abdominoplasty Using Barbed Progressive Tension Sutures.

Authors:  Kathryn V Isaac; Frank Lista; Mark P McIsaac; Jamil Ahmad
Journal:  Aesthet Surg J       Date:  2017-04-01       Impact factor: 4.283

3.  Progressive tension sutures: a technique to reduce local complications in abdominoplasty.

Authors:  H Pollock; T Pollock
Journal:  Plast Reconstr Surg       Date:  2000-06       Impact factor: 4.730

4.  Reducing seroma in outpatient abdominoplasty: analysis of 516 consecutive cases.

Authors:  John W Antonetti; Alfred R Antonetti
Journal:  Aesthet Surg J       Date:  2010 May-Jun       Impact factor: 4.283

5.  Expanding the Progressive Tension Suture Concept: A Study of its Utility in Body Contouring Procedures.

Authors:  Nneamaka Agochukwu-Nwubah; Christopher Patronella
Journal:  Aesthet Surg J       Date:  2021-03-23       Impact factor: 4.283

6.  Progressive tension sutures in abdominoplasty: a review of 597 consecutive cases.

Authors:  Todd A Pollock; Harlan Pollock
Journal:  Aesthet Surg J       Date:  2012-06-29       Impact factor: 4.283

7.  Abdominoplasty with progressive tension closure using a barbed suture technique.

Authors:  Jeremy P Warner; Karol A Gutowski
Journal:  Aesthet Surg J       Date:  2009 May-Jun       Impact factor: 4.283

8.  Seroma: how to avoid it and how to treat it.

Authors:  R Baroudi; C A Ferreira
Journal:  Aesthet Surg J       Date:  1998 Nov-Dec       Impact factor: 4.283

9.  The Association of Progressive Tension Sutures and Drains Seems to Decrease the Drainage Output and Seroma Formation in Abdominoplasty.

Authors:  Hristo Shipkov
Journal:  Aesthet Surg J       Date:  2017-09-01       Impact factor: 4.283

Review 10.  Does the Addition of Progressive Tension Sutures to Drains Reduce Seroma Incidence After Abdominoplasty? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Authors:  Samer Jabbour; Cyril Awaida; Rachad Mhawej; Samer Bassilios Habre; Marwan Nasr
Journal:  Aesthet Surg J       Date:  2017-04-01       Impact factor: 4.283

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