High Serum S100A12 Levels Predict Poor Outcome After Acute Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) triggers an inflammatory cascade that damages brain tissues and worsens functional outcome. S100A12 functions to promote brain inflammation. We aimed to investigate the relationship between serum S100A12 levels and functional outcome in ICH patients.
METHODS: Serum S100A12 levels were measured in 101 ICH patients hospitalized within 24 h after symptom onset. Poor functional outcome was defined as a modified Rankin scale of 3 or greater at 3 months after stroke. Early neurologic deterioration was defined as an increase of ≥4 points in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score or death at 24 hours from symptoms onset.
RESULTS: High serum S100A12 levels were independently correlated with NIHSS score (t = 5.384, P < 0.001), hematoma volume (t = 4.221, P < 0.001) and serum C-reactive protein levels (t = 5.068, P < 0.001). Serum S100A12 levels were substantially higher in patients with a poor outcome (median, 66.5 versus 37.7 ng/mL; P < 0.001) or early neurological deterioration (median, 76.5 versus 40.1 ng/mL; P < 0.001) than in the other remainders, independently predicted a poor outcome (odds ratio, 1.035; 95% confidence interval, 1.007-1.064; P = 0.015) and early neurologic deterioration (odds ratio,1.032; 95% confidence interval, 1.003-1.060; P = 0.027), and significantly discriminated a poor outcome (area under curve, 0.794; 95% confidence interval, 0.702-0.868) and early neurologic deterioration (area under curve, 0.760; 95% confidence interval, 0.664-0.839) under receiver operating characteristic curve.
CONCLUSION: High serum S100A12 levels at admission are highly associated with the extent of inflammatory response, severity, a poor functional outcome and early neurologic deterioration in ICH patients, substantializing serum S100A12 as a promising prognostic biomarker for ICH.

Introduction

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) constitutes 15–20% of all strokes and is related to high morbidity and mortality.1,2 As a common clinical phenomenon, early neurologic deterioration is highly associated with poor outcome after ICH.3 During ICH, rapid accumulation of blood within the surrounding brain results in primary injury, subsequently causing secondary brain injury.4 Inflammatory response is an important process involved in pathophysiological mechanisms after secondary brain injury relevant to ICH.5 Inflammatory cells, including blood-derived leukocytes, microglia/macrophages, astrocytes, and mast cells, and their released cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins, proteases, ferrous iron, and other immunoactive molecules, participate in the whole process of inflammatory reaction after ICH.6 During recent several decades, circulating inflammation-related biomarkers have gained extensive attention for assessing severity as well as predicting prognosis after ICH.7

S100A12, a member of the S100 family of calcium-binding proteins, is a ligand for the receptor for advanced glycation end products, toll-like receptor 4, and CD36, which alters inflammation via promoting cellular and immunological pathways.8 Clearly, there is a significant up-regulation of S100A12 expression in brain tissues of patients with Alzheimer’s disease.9 In addition, plasma S100A12 emerged as an independent predictor for poor outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke.10 Also, circulating S100A12 levels have been demonstrated to be tightly associated with inflammation, severity and short-term mortality in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.11 Such data indicate that S100A12, acting as a proinflammatory cytokine, may be a prognostic biomarker for acute brain injury. Interestingly, serum S100A12 appeared to be independently related to 30-day mortality in ICH.12 However, circulating S100A12 levels are not investigated regarding its association with 3-month functional outcome and early neurologic deterioration in ICH patients. In the current study, we enrolled a host of ICH patients, quantified their S100A12 levels in serum and further assessed the relationship between S100A12 levels and 3-month functional outcome in addition to early neurologic deterioration.

Materials and Methods

Study Population

In this prospective, cohort study, were included spontaneous acute ICH patients hospitalized to the First People’s Hospital of Fuyang District of Hangzhou City (Hangzhou, China) from January 2017 to January 2020. In the current analysis, we required that patients should be aged ≥18 years, be admitted within 24 h of stroke onset and not undergo a surgical evacuation of hematoma. We excluded patients with ICH as a result of secondary causes (eg, brain tumor, vascular malformation, hemorrhagic transformation of cerebral infarction, moyamoya disease and cerebral aneurysm), infection within recent a month, previous neurological diseases (for instance, ischemic stroke, spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage, severe traumatic brain injury and ICH), use of antiplatelet or anticoagulant medication, autoimmune diseases, malignancies, or severe systemic diseases (for example, uremia, liver cirrhosis, and chronic heart or lung disease). The study was performed in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Human Investigations Committee at the First People’s Hospital of Fuyang District of Hangzhou City (No. 2016-04-08). Written informed consent was obtained from legal representatives.

Assessment

Some routine data were collected, including demographics, vascular risk factors, medication history, medical history, intracerebral hematoma location, and the presence of intraventricular or subarachnoidal extension of hematoma. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was used to assess stroke severity at admission.13 Hematoma volume was measured according to ABC/2 method.14 Early neurologic deterioration was defined as an increase of ≥4 points in the NIHSS score or death at 24 hours from symptoms onset.15 Participants were followed up until death or completion of 3 months after stroke. Functional outcome was evaluated using the modified Rankin Scale. An unfavorable outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score >2 at 3 months.16

Immune Analysis

Peripheral blood samples were collected from ICH patients at admission. The blood samples were immediately centrifuged within 30 min at 3000 g for 10 min and then, serum was preserved at –80°C for subsequent assay. Serum S100A12 levels were quantified in duplicate using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Cusabio Biotech Co., Wuhan, Hubei Province, P.R. China). Determinations were completed in batches by the same technician blinded to clinical data.

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analyses were done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and MedCalc 9.6.4.0 (MedCalc Software, Mariakerke, Belgium). Qualitative variables were presented as count (percentage) and were compared for intergroup difference using chi-square test or Fisher exact test as appropriate. Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was performed to determine data distribution of quantitative variables. Data were summarized as median (interquartile range), if non-normally distributed and were presented as mean ± standard deviation if normally distributed. Intergroup comparisons were done using unpaired Student t-test or Mann–Whitney U-test where appropriate. Comparison of serum S100A12 levels among groups with different modified Rankin Scale scores was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis H-test. Bivariate correlations were analyzed using Spearman correlation coefficient. Was configured a multivariate linear logistic regression model, which included variables significantly correlated with serum S100A12 levels in bivariate correlation analysis (P < 0.05). A binary stepwise logistic regression model, which included significant variables in univariate analysis (P < 0.05), was designed to identify independent variables of an unfavorable outcome or early neurologic deterioration. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were reported for showing associations. Area under curve (AUC) and 95% CI, which was generated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, were used to assess predictive value. A P value of <0.05 was considered significant for other tests, except the Kruskal–Wallis H-test, where serum S100A12 levels were compared among 7 groups (ie, modified Rankin Scale score from 0 to 6) and thereby a P value of <0.00238 (0.05/21) was considered significant using Bonferroni correction for post hoc test.

Results

Patients Characteristics

We initially assessed a total of 148 ICH patients and further excluded 47 patients with intracerebral bleeding as a result of secondary causes (10 cases), infection within recent a month (5 cases), previous neurological diseases (8 cases), use of antiplatelet or anticoagulant medication (6 cases), autoimmune diseases (4 cases), malignancies (3 cases), severe systemic diseases (9 cases), or loss to follow up (2 cases). Eventually, a total of 101 ICH patients were assessed in the current study.

The stroke patients (58 males and 43 females) had a mean age of 61.2 ± 13.6 years (range, 30–89 years). Hypertension and diabetes mellitus were found in 63 (62.4%) cases and 14 (13.9%) cases, respectively. Currently, there were 29 (28.7%) cigarette smokers and 31 (30.7%) alcohol consumers. Patients were hospitalized from 1 to 24 h (median, 7 h; 25th–75th percentiles, 4.5–9.5 h) and their blood samples were acquired from 1.5 to 26.5 h (median, 9 h; lower-upper quartiles, 6.5–13.5 h). Mean systolic arterial pressure and diastolic arterial pressure were 159.9 ± 25.0 mmHg and 89.6 ± 18.5 mmHg, respectively. There were 23 (22.8%) patients with lobar hemorrhage, 18 (17.8%) with infratentorial hemorrhage and 23 (22.8%) with intraventricular hemorrhage. NIHSS score ranged from 1 to (median, 9; 25th −75th, 4–13) and hematoma volume, from 2.0 to 64.8 mL (median, 14 mL; 25th−75th, 7.9–21 mL).

Serum S100A12 Levels in Relation to Hemorrhagic Severity and Inflammation

Serum S100A12 levels of ICH patients ranged from 15.6 to 134.3 ng/mL (median, 44.7 ng/mL; lower-upper quartiles, 35.6–70.7 ng/mL). Table 1 shows that serum S100A12 levels were tightly correlated with diabetes mellitus, NIHSS score, hematoma volume, blood leucocyte count, serum glucose levels and serum C-reactive protein levels. We configured a multivariate linear logistic regression model, which contained the preceding closely correlated variables, and thereby found that serum S100A12 levels were independently correlated with NIHSS score (t = 5.384, P < 0.001), hematoma volume (t = 4.221, P<0.001), and serum C-reactive protein levels (t = 5.068, P < 0.001). Their associations are displayed in Figures 1–3.

Table 1

Correlation Between Serum S100A12 Levels and Other Variables Using Spearman Correlation Coefficient in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Variables	r	P value
Age (years)	0.090	0.371
Gender (male/female)	0.030	0.767
Hypertension	0.057	0.568
Diabetes mellitus	0.212	0.033*
Current smoking	0.087	0.385
Alcohol consumption	0.166	0.098
Admission time (h)	−0.078	0.436
Blood-collection time (h)	−0.035	0.729
Systolic arterial pressure (mmHg)	0.154	0.123
Diastolic arterial pressure (mmHg)	0.148	0.140
Lobar hemorrhage	−0.049	0.624
Infratentorial hemorrhage	0.163	0.103
Intraventricular hemorrhage	0.046	0.647
NIHSS score	0.570	<0.001*
Hematoma volume (mL)	0.545	<0.001*
Blood leucocyte count (×109/l)	0.344	<0.001*
Serum glucose levels (mmol/l)	0.326	0.001*
Serum CRP levels (mg/l)	0.576	<0.001*

Notes: NIHSS indicates National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. CRP denotes C-reactive protein. The asterisk indicates statistical significance (*P < 0.05).

Correlation of serum S100A12 level with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores following acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Bivariate correlation was analyzed using Spearman correlation coefficient and association was reported as r value. NIHSS indicates National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale.

Relationship between serum S100A12 level and hematoma volume after acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Bivariate correlation was analyzed using Spearman correlation coefficient and association was shown as r value.

Relation of serum S100A12 level to serum C-reactive protein levels after acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Bivariate correlation was analyzed using Spearman correlation coefficient and association was presented as r value.

Prediction of Early Neurologic Deterioration

Among ICH patients, 29 (28.7%) experienced early neurologic deterioration. ROC curve analysis showed that serum S100A12 levels discriminated patients at risk of early neurologic deterioration with an AUC of 0.760 (95% CI, 0.664–0.839) (Figure 4). In Table 2, the variables substantially associated with early neurologic deterioration after hemorrhagic stroke were age, NIHSS score, hematoma volume, serum S100A12 levels, blood leucocyte count, serum glucose levels and serum C-reactive protein levels. Using multivariate analysis, NIHSS score, hematoma volume and serum S100A12 levels independently predicted early neurologic deterioration with odds ratio values of 1.206 (95% CI, 1.047–1.390; P = 0.009), 1.072 (95% CI, 1.022–1.124; P = 0.004) and 1.032 (95% CI, 1.003–1.060; P = 0.027), respectively.

Figure 4

Analysis regarding predictive value of serum S100A12 levels for early neurologic deterioration after acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Discriminatory ability was assessed under receiver operating characteristic curve.

Table 2

Factors Associated with Early Neurologic Deterioration in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Variables	Early Neurologic Deterioration		P value
	Yes (n = 29)	No (n = 72)
Age (years)	68.0±11.8	58.5±13.4	0.001*
Gender (male/female)	15/14	43/29	0.462
Hypertension	20 (69.0%)	43 (59.7%)	0.386
Diabetes mellitus	6 (20.7%)	8 (11.1%)	0.208
Current smoking	5 (17.2%)	24 (23.3%)	0.107
Alcohol consumption	11 (37.9%)	20 (27.8%)	0.317
Admission time (h)	6.2 (3.5–8.3)	7.5 (4.5–10.5)	0.195
Blood-collection time (h)	8.6 (5.6–10.5)	9.3 (6.5–14.0)	0.402
Systolic arterial pressure (mmHg)	165.7±28.2	157.5±23.4	0.137
Diastolic arterial pressure (mmHg)	93.1±24.4	88.2±15.5	0.227
Lobar hemorrhage	6 (20.7%)	17 (23.6%)	0.751
Infratentorial hemorrhage	6 (20.7%)	12 (16.7%)	0.633
Intraventricular hemorrhage	10 (34.5%)	13 (18.1%)	0.075
NIHSS score	15 (11–17)	7 (3–11)	<0.001*
Hematoma volume (mL)	28.0 (15.5–45.7)	10.3 (6.9–15.9)	<0.001*
Blood leucocyte count (×109/l)	10.5 (7.3–13.8)	8.0 (6.5–10.1)	0.022*
Serum glucose levels (mmol/l)	10.5 (8.6–11.7)	8.1 (7.2–10.2)	0.036*
Serum CRP levels (mg/l)	22.6 (20.5–24.5)	13.5 (11.1–16.2)	<0.001*
Serum S100A12 levels (ng/mL)	76.5 (46.0–97.0)	40.1 (32.2–58.6)	<0.001*

Notes: Qualitative variables were presented as count (percentage) and were compared for intergroup difference using chi-square test or Fisher exact test as appropriate. Quantitative variables were summarized as median (interquartile range), if non-normally distributed and were presented as mean ± standard deviation if normally distributed. Intergroup comparisons were done using unpaired Student t-test or Mann–Whitney U-test where appropriate. NIHSS indicates National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. CRP denotes C-reactive protein. The asterisk indicates statistical significance (*P < 0.05).

Prediction of 3-Month Unfavorable Outcome

At 3 months after hemorrhagic stroke, 8, 19, 26, 24, 9, 9 and 6 patients had mRS score 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively; and thereby, 48 (47.5%) patients suffered from an unfavorable outcome (modified Rankin scale score above 2). Figure 5 displays that serum S100A12 levels were markedly raised, with increasing modified Rankin scale score. In Figure 6, serum S100A12 levels were significantly and positively correlated with modified Rankin scale score. Under ROC curve (Figure 7), serum S100A12 levels significantly distinguished the development of 3-month unfavorable outcome, with AUC at 0.794 (95% CI, 0.702–0.868). Just as outlined in Table 3, patients with an unfavorable outcome had significantly older age, and higher NIHSS score, hematoma volume, serum S100A12 levels, blood leucocyte count, serum glucose levels and serum C-reactive protein levels, as compared with those with a favorable outcome. Multivariate analysis showed that NIHSS score (odds ratio, 1.227; 95% CI, 1.068–1.409; P = 0.004), hematoma volume (odds ratio, 1.092; 95% CI, 1.029–1.158; P = 0.004) and serum S100A12 levels (odds ratio, 1.035; 95% CI, 1.007–1.064; P = 0.015) emerged as the three independent predictors of 3-month unfavorable outcome after ICH.

Figure 5

Relationship between serum S100A12 levels and modified Rankin scale score among patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Comparison was done using Kruskal–Wallis H-test. In boxplot, ***P < 0.001 compared with modified Rankin scale score 0, ###P < 0.001 compared with modified Rankin scale score 1, &&&P < 0.001 compared with modified Rankin scale score 2, and $$$P < 0.001 compared with modified Rankin scale score 3.

Figure 6

Relationship between serum S100A12 level and modified Rankin scale score following acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Bivariate correlation was assessed using Spearman correlation coefficient and association was summarized as r value.

Figure 7

Analysis with respect to predictive ability of serum S100A12 levels for 3-month poor outcome after acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Discriminatory capability was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. A poor outcome was referred to as modified Rankin scale score above 2.

Table 3

Factors Associated with 3-Month Poor Outcome in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Variables	3-Month Functional Outcome		P value
	mRS 3–6 (n = 48)	mRS 0–2 (n = 53)
Age (years)	65.0±14.0	57.8±12.3	0.007*
Gender (male/female)	27/21	31/22	0.820
Hypertension	32 (66.7%)	31 (58.5%)	0.397
Diabetes mellitus	9 (18.8%)	5 (9.4%)	0.176
Current smoking	15 (31.3%)	14 (26.4%)	0.592
Alcohol consumption	17 (35.4%)	14 (26.4%)	0.327
Admission time (h)	6.4 (4.5–8.5)	7.5 (4.5–12.5)	0.245
Blood-collection time (h)	8.4 (5.5–11.0)	9.6 (6.6–14.5)	0.133
Systolic arterial pressure (mmHg)	162.6±25.2	157.4±24.9	0.302
Diastolic arterial pressure (mmHg)	92.7±21.9	86.9±14.5	0.116
Lobar hemorrhage	11 (22.9%)	12 (22.6%)	0.974
Infratentorial hemorrhage	11 (22.9%)	7 (13.2%)	0.203
Intraventricular hemorrhage	13 (27.1%)	10 (18.9%)	0.326
NIHSS score	12 (9–16)	5 (3–9)	<0.001*
Hematoma volume (mL)	20.7 (14.6–39.5)	8.6 (5.0–13.0)	<0.001*
Blood leucocyte count (×109/l)	10.1 (7.0–12.8)	7.5 (6.5–9.5)	0.012*
Serum glucose levels (mmol/l)	9.5 (7.5–11.7)	8.1 (6.9–10.1)	0.037*
Serum CRP levels (mg/l)	18.1 (14.3–22.2)	13.1 (11.0–16.0)	<0.001*
Serum S100A12 levels (ng/mL)	66.5 (41.3–92.5)	37.7 (30.0–46.0)	<0.001*

Notes: Qualitative variables were presented as count (percentage) and were compared for intergroup difference using chi-square test or Fisher exact test as appropriate. Quantitative variables were summarized as median (interquartile range), if non-normally distributed and were presented as mean ± standard deviation if normally distributed. Intergroup comparisons were done using unpaired Student t-test or Mann–Whitney U-test where appropriate. NIHSS indicates National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. CRP denotes C-reactive protein. The asterisk indicates statistical significance (*P<0.05).

Discussion

The S100 proteins family is identified as a group of calcium-binding proteins encoded by chromosome 1q21 and contains over 20 members with comparable amino acid structures.17 These EF-hand proteins predominantly exist in a homodimeric form and, via interacting with several target genes, perform a large range of functions, including regulating cell proliferation and invasion, interacting with the cytoskeleton interplays, and mediating transcription and inflammation.18 S100A12, also called calgranulin C, is composed of 92 amino acids and can be secreted and upregulated during acute and chronic infection.19 Enough evidence has shown that S100A12 is involved in inflammatory process of numerous diseases, including acute myocardial infarction,20 sepsis21 and osteoarthritis.22 Therefore, upregulated circulating levels of S100A12 are a novel biomarker for many inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease,23 dermatomyositis-associated interstitial lung disease24 and obstructive sleep apnea.25

S100A12 promoted oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion-induced inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis in vitro study using PC12 cells.26 S100A12 has been found to play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy by activating retinal microglia via a miR-30a-dependent mechanism.27 In a prospective, observational study of 186 patients and 186 controls, a postoperative elevation of serum S100A12 levels was independently correlated with serum C-reactive protein levels after hip fracture surgery in elderly patients.28 Another clinical study showed that serum S100A12 levels were substantially higher in patients with severe traumatic brain injury than in healthy controls; and serum concentrations of S100A12 significantly correlated with admission serum concentrations of C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha.11 In patients with ICH, enhanced serum S100A12 levels were positively correlated with blood glucose concentrations, blood white blood cell count and plasma C-reactive protein concentrations.12 In the current study, serum S100A12 levels were independently correlated with serum C-reactive protein levels after acute ICH. Clearly, serum S100A12 may be implicated in inflammation after acute brain injury. Possibly, S100A12 may exert a toxic effect on acute brain injury. However, S100A12 protein has been assumed to be a strong inducer of neurite outgrowth from primary hippocampal neurons.29 Thus, its role in acute brain injury remains to be studied in future.

There are two studies demonstrating the relationship between circulating S100A12 levels and severity of acute brain injury. In severe traumatic brain injury, serum S100A12 levels were highly correlated with Glasgow coma scale score.11 In ICH, serum S100A12 concentrations were positively correlated with NIHSS score and ICH volume using univariate analysis.12 In the current study, we used multivariate analysis to verify correlation of serum S100A12 levels with hemorrhagic severity after acute ICH. Serum S100A12 levels were actually independently correlated with NIHSS score and hematoma volume. Overall, our data are supportive of the notion that serum S100A12 levels may be correlated with severity of ICH.

Postoperative serum S100A12 levels were independently associated with the risk of developing postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction in a group of elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery.28 In patients with acute ICH or severe traumatic brain injury, serum S100A12 levels independently predicted 30-mortality and overall survival.11,12 In particular, plasma S100A12 emerged as an independent predictor for a poor functional outcome after acute ischemic stroke.10 However, no studies have reported association of serum S100A12 levels with early neurologic deterioration and functional outcome after ICH. We defined modified Rankin scale score above 2 as a poor outcome and found that serum S100A12 levels, NIHSS score and hematoma volume were the three independent predictors for 3-month poor functional outcome and early neurologic deterioration. Moreover, serum S100A12 levels exhibit an efficient discriminatory capability for a poor clinical outcome and early neurologic deterioration under ROC curve. In conclusion, serum S100A12 may serve as a useful prognostic biomarker for ICH.

ICH is a cerebrovascular disease relevant to systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation.30 Circulating C-reactive protein levels can reflect extent of systemic inflammation.31 Interestingly, it has been found that C-reactive protein in peripheral blood of ICH patients is at least partly originated from activated neuroglial cells.32 Thus, circulating C-reactive protein emerges as an inflammatory prognostic biomarker of ICH.33 Clearly, S100A12, as an inflammatory protein, can be released from peripheral cells after inflammatory stimulation.8 Intriguingly, S100A12 is also generated from neuroglial cells and its obvious up-regulation in brain tissue has been found after acute brain injury.26 In the current study, serum S100A12 levels were intimately related to serum C-reactive protein levels. Hence, it is assumed that serum S100A12 may be an inflammatory biomarker. Alternatively, in this study, serum S100A12 levels were highly correlated with hemorrhagic severity assessed by NIHSS score and hematoma volume, indicating that serum S100A12 may be at least partly derived from central nervous system. In a word, it is hypothesized that serum S100A12 may be an inflammatory prognostic biomarker.

There are two limitations in our study. First, a P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant for nearly all tests in the current study, and some associations in this study have significant differences of P < 0.05, but not less than 0.01. Thereby, statistical significance may not be enough big. Second, in order to decrease confounding effects of some therapies on functional recovery of patients with ICH, patients undergoing a surgical evacuation of hematoma have been excluded in the current study. However, other therapies in the acute phase, such as mannitol, albumin and antibiotic injections, may affect functional recovery of ICH patients. So, potential bias may have been induced. Overall, this study is preliminary and is just considered as a pilot one. Consequently, a larger cohort of patients are warranted to validate the close relationship between serum S100A12 levels and severity in addition to prognosis after acute ICH.

Conclusions

This study, for the first time, used multivariate analysis to discern the relationship between serum S100A12 levels and hemorrhagic severity, inflammation, early neurologic deterioration in addition to long-term functional outcome. In the current study, high serum S100A12 levels were independently associated with NIHSS score, hematoma volume, serum C-reactive protein levels, early neurologic deterioration and 3-month poor outcome, indicating that high serum S100A12 levels may be highly correlated with inflammatory response, severity and long-term functional outcome after ICH. Hence, serum S100A12 may be a potential inflammatory biomarker for predicting functional outcome and assessing severity after acute ICH.