Weijing Feng1, Zhaoyuan Zhang2, Yu Liu3, Zhibin Li4, Wenjie Guo5, Feifei Huang4, Jianwu Zhang6, Ailan Chen7, Caiwen Ou8, Kun Zhang4, Minsheng Chen9. 1. Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. 2. Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. 3. Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China. 4. Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. 5. Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. 6. Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. 7. Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. 8. Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Shock and Microcirculation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Dongguan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. 9. Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. Electronic address: gzminsheng@vip.163.com.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Respiratory and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) frequently coexist; however, there is limited evidence on the relationship between chronic respiratory symptoms in young adulthood and late-onset CVD. RESEARCH QUESTION: Are chronic respiratory symptoms in young adulthood associated with CVD and all-cause mortality in later life? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 4,621 participants from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA) cohort study aged 18 to 30 years were included. Chronic respiratory symptoms were identified through respiratory symptom questionnaires in two consecutive examinations. Incident CVD and all-cause mortality were adjudicated over 30-year follow-up. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to explore the association of chronic respiratory symptoms with incident CVD and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 30.9 years, 284 CVD events (6.15%) and 378 deaths (8.18%) occurred. Following multivariable adjustment for demographic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors, smoking, and lung function, the hazard ratios (95% CIs) for CVD events were 1.51 (1.18-1.93) for any respiratory symptom, 1.57 (1.18-2.09) for cough or phlegm, 1.31 (1.01-1.68) for wheeze, 1.73 (1.25-2.41) for shortness of breath, and 1.32 (1.01-1.71) for chest illnesses. Similar findings were also observed in all-cause mortality. Comparing zero vs three to four respiratory symptoms, the hazard ratios (95% CIs) were 1.97 (1.34-2.91) for CVD and 1.75 (1.23-2.47) for all-cause mortality. Similar results were observed in various sensitivity analyses. INTERPRETATION: Chronic respiratory symptoms in young adulthood are associated with an increased risk of CVD and all-cause mortality in midlife independent of established cardiovascular risk factors, smoking, and lung function. Identifying chronic respiratory symptoms in young adulthood may help provide prognostic information regarding future cardiovascular health. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT00005130; URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov.
BACKGROUND: Respiratory and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) frequently coexist; however, there is limited evidence on the relationship between chronic respiratory symptoms in young adulthood and late-onset CVD. RESEARCH QUESTION: Are chronic respiratory symptoms in young adulthood associated with CVD and all-cause mortality in later life? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 4,621 participants from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA) cohort study aged 18 to 30 years were included. Chronic respiratory symptoms were identified through respiratory symptom questionnaires in two consecutive examinations. Incident CVD and all-cause mortality were adjudicated over 30-year follow-up. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to explore the association of chronic respiratory symptoms with incident CVD and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 30.9 years, 284 CVD events (6.15%) and 378 deaths (8.18%) occurred. Following multivariable adjustment for demographic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors, smoking, and lung function, the hazard ratios (95% CIs) for CVD events were 1.51 (1.18-1.93) for any respiratory symptom, 1.57 (1.18-2.09) for cough or phlegm, 1.31 (1.01-1.68) for wheeze, 1.73 (1.25-2.41) for shortness of breath, and 1.32 (1.01-1.71) for chest illnesses. Similar findings were also observed in all-cause mortality. Comparing zero vs three to four respiratory symptoms, the hazard ratios (95% CIs) were 1.97 (1.34-2.91) for CVD and 1.75 (1.23-2.47) for all-cause mortality. Similar results were observed in various sensitivity analyses. INTERPRETATION: Chronic respiratory symptoms in young adulthood are associated with an increased risk of CVD and all-cause mortality in midlife independent of established cardiovascular risk factors, smoking, and lung function. Identifying chronic respiratory symptoms in young adulthood may help provide prognostic information regarding future cardiovascular health. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT00005130; URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov.
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