Mengjiao Sun1, Xiufen Xue1, Lingyun Li1, Dandan Xu2, Shihe Li1, Shengwen Calvin Li3,4, Qingning Su1. 1. Bioengineering Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China. 2. Nephrology Department, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital, the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China. 3. Neuro-oncology and Stem Cell Research Laboratory (NSCL), CHOC Children's Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Orange County (CHOC), Orange, CA, USA. 4. Department of Neurology, University of California-Irvine (UCI) School of Medicine, Orange, CA, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Ectosomes are recognized as shedding from the plasma membranes into the extracellular environment. Recent research has demonstrated that ectosomes are surrounded by phospholipid membranes containing lipid rafts and caveolae. Some ectosomes contain cytokines in the lumen and have high levels of phosphatidylserine exposed to the outer membrane. Intracellular vesicles share both characters with ectosomes. Why the plasma membrane-derived ectosomes have the same characteristics as intracellular vesicles remain largely unknown. METHODS: Using live-cell dynamic imaging, we recorded the process of ectosome biogenesis and release in primary cultured neural cells. RESULTS: Our results show two different ectosome release methods: slow-releasing and fast-releasing. In the slow-releasing, multiple ectosomes emerge almost simultaneously on the cell surface and are released by outward budding from the plasma membrane. In the fast releasing, ectosomes squeeze out of the membrane domain and pinch off from a cell's surface. Using ER-tracker for live-cell imaging, we directly observed the process that intracellular vesicles jump out of the plasma membrane for release. This type of ectosomes has a reverse array of membrane proteins and phospholipids compared to the plasma membrane. So ectosomes should be divided into two groups: plasma membrane-derived and intracellular membrane-derived ectosomes. CONCLUSIONS: Both slow releasing and fast releasing EVs imply mechanisms of human diseases and for diagnostics and drug delivery. 2021 Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery. All rights reserved.
BACKGROUND: Ectosomes are recognized as shedding from the plasma membranes into the extracellular environment. Recent research has demonstrated that ectosomes are surrounded by phospholipid membranes containing lipid rafts and caveolae. Some ectosomes contain cytokines in the lumen and have high levels of phosphatidylserine exposed to the outer membrane. Intracellular vesicles share both characters with ectosomes. Why the plasma membrane-derived ectosomes have the same characteristics as intracellular vesicles remain largely unknown. METHODS: Using live-cell dynamic imaging, we recorded the process of ectosome biogenesis and release in primary cultured neural cells. RESULTS: Our results show two different ectosome release methods: slow-releasing and fast-releasing. In the slow-releasing, multiple ectosomes emerge almost simultaneously on the cell surface and are released by outward budding from the plasma membrane. In the fast releasing, ectosomes squeeze out of the membrane domain and pinch off from a cell's surface. Using ER-tracker for live-cell imaging, we directly observed the process that intracellular vesicles jump out of the plasma membrane for release. This type of ectosomes has a reverse array of membrane proteins and phospholipids compared to the plasma membrane. So ectosomes should be divided into two groups: plasma membrane-derived and intracellular membrane-derived ectosomes. CONCLUSIONS: Both slow releasing and fast releasing EVs imply mechanisms of human diseases and for diagnostics and drug delivery. 2021 Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery. All rights reserved.
Authors: Shengwen Calvin Li; Lisa May Ling Tachiki; Jane Luo; Brent A Dethlefs; Zhongping Chen; William G Loudon Journal: Stem Cell Rev Rep Date: 2010-06 Impact factor: 5.739
Authors: Andrew M Leidal; Hector H Huang; Timothy Marsh; Tina Solvik; Dachuan Zhang; Jordan Ye; FuiBoon Kai; Juliet Goldsmith; Jennifer Y Liu; Yu-Hsin Huang; Teresa Monkkonen; Ariadne Vlahakis; Eric J Huang; Hani Goodarzi; Li Yu; Arun P Wiita; Jayanta Debnath Journal: Nat Cell Biol Date: 2020-01-13 Impact factor: 28.824
Authors: Shengwen Calvin Li; Andres Stucky; Xuelian Chen; Mustafa H Kabeer; William G Loudon; Ashley S Plant; Lilibeth Torno; Chaitali S Nangia; Jin Cai; Gang Zhang; Jiang F Zhong Journal: Oncotarget Date: 2018-09-07