Putrescine and Its Metabolic Precursor Arginine Promote Biofilm and c-di-GMP Synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic bacterial pathogen, can synthesize and catabolize several small cationic molecules known as polyamines. In several clades of bacteria, polyamines regulate biofilm formation, a lifestyle-switching process that confers resistance to environmental stress. The polyamine putrescine and its biosynthetic precursors, l-arginine and agmatine, promote biofilm formation in Pseudomonas spp. However, it remains unclear whether the effect is a direct effect of polyamines or occurs through a metabolic derivative. Here, we used a genetic approach to demonstrate that putrescine accumulation, either through disruption of the spermidine biosynthesis pathway or the catabolic putrescine aminotransferase pathway, promoted biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa. Consistent with this observation, exogenous putrescine robustly induced biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa that was dependent on putrescine uptake and biosynthesis pathways. Additionally, we show that l-arginine, the biosynthetic precursor of putrescine, also promoted biofilm formation but did so by a mechanism independent of putrescine or agmatine conversion. We found that both putrescine and l-arginine induced a significant increase in the intracellular level of bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) (c-di-GMP), a bacterial second messenger widely found in Proteobacteria that upregulates biofilm formation. Collectively these data show that putrescine and its metabolic precursor, arginine, promote biofilm and c-di-GMP synthesis in P. aeruginosa. IMPORTANCE Biofilm formation allows bacteria to physically attach to a surface, confer tolerance to antimicrobial agents, and promote resistance to host immune responses. As a result, the regulation of biofilm formation is often crucial for bacterial pathogens to establish chronic infections. A primary mechanism of biofilm promotion in bacteria is the molecule c-di-GMP, which promotes biofilm formation. The level of c-di-GMP is tightly regulated by bacterial enzymes. In this study, we found that putrescine, a small molecule ubiquitously found in eukaryotic cells, robustly enhances P. aeruginosa biofilm and c-di-GMP. We propose that P. aeruginosa may sense putrescine as a host-associated signal that triggers a lifestyle switch that favors chronic infection.