Higher-order trajectories of pain and depressive symptoms link midlife financial stress to women's well-being in later life.

Objectives: Consistent with biopsychosocial models, shared pathophysiological conditions underlying both physical pain and depressive symptoms can result in the clustering of pain and depressive symptoms. However, previous studies have not investigated a higher-order construct capturing both pain and depressive symptoms over time. Furthermore, research has not identified trajectory antecedents (e.g. perceived family financial stress) and their consequences for later-life health and well-being. The present study sought to address these gaps in the research.Method: Using prospective data over 23 years from 244 long-term married women, the present study estimated latent growth curves in a structural equation model (more specifically a parallel trajectory model was estimated).
Results: Family financial strain in midlife was, on average, associated with a higher initial level (β = .37, p < .001) and rate of change (β = .20, p = .045) of pain-depressive symptoms trajectories, which, in turn, contributed to health and well-being challenges, including the level and rate of change in physical limitations (β = .50, p < .001 and 0.43, p < .001, respectively), memory impairment (β = .47 and .47, p < .001, respectively), and loneliness (β = .63, p = < .001 and .28, p = .022, respectively) in later years. The adverse influence of family financial strain on pain-depressive symptoms trajectories weakened under high levels of marital closeness (β = -.10, p = .032).
Conclusion: These findings emphasize the necessity of policies and interventions that focus on reducing adults' stressful life circumstances and further developing protective factors that can aid in the redirection of adverse pain-depressive symptoms trajectories.Supplemental data for this article are available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2021.1993129.