| Literature DB >> 34677018 |
Xiaolan Liu1, Wei Gao1, Chao Liang2, Junqin Qiao1, Kang Wang1, Hongzhen Lian1.
Abstract
The n-octanol/water partition coefficient (log P) is an important parameter to characterize the overall hydrophobicity of organic compounds. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) has been recommended as an effective method for the indirect determination of log P by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Using RPLC, most studies focus on the determination of log P or the apparent n-octanol/water partition coefficient (log D) of neutral compounds and weakly ionized compounds. However, the experimental log P or log D values of strongly ionized compounds have rarely been reported. In our previous work, the experimental log D of strongly ionized compounds could be determined well by ion-pair reversed-phase liquid chromatography (IP-RPLC) on an octadecyl-poly(vinyl alcohol) column using the log D-log kw-IP model established by different types of model compounds. However, the universality of this strategy for different chromatographic columns has yet to be verified. In this study, the retention behavior of neutral compounds, phenolic acids, carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, and some amphoteric compounds was systematically investigated on a silica-based C18 column (150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) via ion-suppressed RPLC (IS-RPLC) and IP-RPLC, respectively. In the IS-RPLC mode, methanol and 20 mmol/L ammonium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) were used as the mobile phase to perform isocratic elution at different methanol ratios. The log kw values of the test compounds were obtained using the linear solvent strength (LSS) model. Neutral compounds, weakly ionized phenolic acids and benzene carboxylic acids were then used as model compounds to establish the log D-log kw-IS model. The quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR) model, including structure-related descriptors like the charge (ne) and Abraham solvation parameters (A and B), exhibited much better correlation than the unary linear regression model between log D and log kw-IS. The log D7.0 (log D under pH 7.0) values of 19 ionized compounds were then determined by the model; the determined compounds were used as model compounds and validation compounds in IP-RPLC. In the IP-RPLC mode, besides methanol and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate buffer, the mobile phase also contained tetrabutylammonium bromide, as an ion-pair reagent. The retention behaviors of all tested compounds conformed well with the LSS model even under IP-RPLC, with a log k-φ linear correlation coefficient (R 2) greater than 0.99. The log D-log kw-IP model was then established using 62 compounds as a mixed model set, including neutral, weakly ionized, and strongly ionized compounds. Similarly, by introducing ne, A, and B, the log D-log kw-IP model showed good linearity, with R 2 greater than 0.94. Comparing the log D-log kw-IP model established on the silica-based C18 column in this work with that established on a poly(vinyl alcohol)-based C18 column in our previous work, ne, A, and B contributed more to the model in this work, indicating there was a greater secondary effect on the silica-based column. To confirm the reliability of the log D-log kw-IP model, three different types of acidic compounds were used as validation compounds. The predicted log D of the three ionic compounds was very similar to that determined by the shake-flask method (SFM)/slow stirring method (SSM) or IS-RPLC method in this work, confirming the reliability of the model. Based on the above results, the log D7.0 values of eight strongly ionized compounds were predicted by IP-RPLC. The findings suggested that IP-RPLC is a promising method to predict the experimental log D of strongly ionized compounds, and that the conventional silica-based C18 column offers more flexible options in log D determination.Entities:
Keywords: ion-pair reversed-phase liquid chromatography (IP-RPLC); n-octanol/water partition coefficient (log P); quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR); silica-based column; strong ionized compounds
Mesh:
Substances:
Year: 2021 PMID: 34677018 PMCID: PMC9404005 DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2021.02005
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Se Pu ISSN: 1000-8713
实验用化合物的log P、 pKa、 log D7.0、 log kw-IS、 log kw-IP、 ne、 A和B值
| Compound type | No. | Compound | log P | pKa | log D7.0 | log kw-IS | log kw-IP | ne | A | B | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neutral | N1 | benzyl alcohol | 1.10 | NA | 1.10 | 1.32 | 1.32 | 0.00 | 0.39 | 0.56 | |||||||||||
| N2 | 1,4-xylene | 3.15 | NA | 3.15 | 3.23 | 3.23 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.16 | ||||||||||||
| N3 | toluene | 2.73 | NA | 2.73 | 2.66 | 2.66 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.14 | ||||||||||||
| N4 | ethylbenzene | 3.15 | NA | 3.15 | 3.20 | 3.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.15 | ||||||||||||
| N5 | anisole | 2.11 | NA | 2.11 | 5.60 | 5.60 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.29 | ||||||||||||
| N6 | benzyl chloride | 5.50 | NA | 5.50 | 2.64 | 2.64 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.14 | ||||||||||||
| N7 | hexamethyl-benzene | 4.61 | NA | 4.61 | 4.65 | 4.65 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.12 | ||||||||||||
| N8 | pentachlorobenzene | 5.18 | NA | 5.18 | 4.84 | 4.84 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||||||||
| N9 | 1,2-xylene | 3.12 | NA | 3.12 | 3.09 | 3.09 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.16 | ||||||||||||
| N10 | biphenyl | 4.01 | NA | 4.01 | 3.75 | 3.75 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.26 | ||||||||||||
| N11 | phenyl ether | 4.21 | NA | 4.21 | 3.73 | 3.73 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.19 | ||||||||||||
| N12 | naphthalene | 3.30 | NA | 3.30 | 3.13 | 3.13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.20 | ||||||||||||
| N13 | 2-methylnaphthalene | 3.86 | NA | 3.86 | 3.65 | 3.65 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.20 | ||||||||||||
| N14 | 1,3-dichlorobenzene | 3.53 | NA | 3.53 | 3.32 | 3.32 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | ||||||||||||
| N15 | tribromobenzene | 4.51 | NA | 4.51 | 4.34 | 4.34 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||||||||
| N16 | chlorobenzene | 2.89 | NA | 2.89 | 2.72 | 2.72 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.07 | ||||||||||||
| N17 | bromobenzene | 2.99 | NA | 2.99 | 2.84 | 2.84 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.09 | ||||||||||||
| N18 | benzhydrol | 2.67 | NA | 2.67 | 2.86 | 2.86 | 0.00 | 0.41 | 0.77 | ||||||||||||
| N19 | pentabromotoluene | 5.87 | NA | 5.87 | 5.62 | 5.62 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||||||||
| N20 | hexabromobenzene | 6.80 | NA | 6.80 | 5.63 | 5.63 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||||||||
| N21 | benzaldehyde | 1.47 | NA | 1.47 | 1.33 | 1.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.39 | ||||||||||||
| N22 | 1,3-xylene | 3.20 | NA | 3.20 | 3.19 | 3.19 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.12 | ||||||||||||
| N23 | benzene | 2.22 | NA | 2.22 | 2.08 | 2.08 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.14 | ||||||||||||
| N24 | 1,4-diacetoxybenzene | 0.98 | NA | 0.98 | 1.45 | 1.45 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.77 | ||||||||||||
| N25 | 1,4-dibromonaphthalene | 5.02 | NA | 5.02 | 4.51 | 4.51 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.16 | ||||||||||||
| N26 | 1-bromonaphthalene | 4.22 | NA | 4.22 | 3.77 | 3.77 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.13 | ||||||||||||
| Carboxylic acids and | W1 | benzoic acid | 1.87 | 4.20 | -0.93 | 0.43 | 1.68 | -1.00 | 0.59 | 0.40 | |||||||||||
| phenolic acids | W2 | 2-bromobenzoic acid | 2.20 | 2.85 | -1.95 | 0.48 | 1.82 | -1.00 | 0.60 | 0.43 | |||||||||||
| W3 | 3-bromobenzoic acid | 2.87 | 3.81 | -0.32 | 1.46 | 2.76 | -1.00 | 0.64 | 0.27 | ||||||||||||
| W4 | 2-chlorobenzoic acid | 2.05 | 2.94 | -2.01 | 0.55 | 1.74 | -1.00 | 0.70 | 0.43 | ||||||||||||
| W5 | 4-chlorobenzoic acid | 2.65 | 3.98 | -0.37 | 1.34 | 2.64 | -1.00 | 0.63 | 0.27 | ||||||||||||
| W6 | 3-methylbenzoic acid | 2.37 | 4.27 | -0.36 | 1.10 | 2.21 | -1.00 | 0.60 | 0.40 | ||||||||||||
| W7 | 3,5-dimethylbenzoic acid | 2.81 | 4.30 | 0.11 | 1.67 | 2.69 | -1.00 | 0.59 | 0.38 | ||||||||||||
| W8 | phenylacetic acid | 1.41 | 4.31 | -1.28 | 0.77 | 1.79 | -1.00 | 0.59 | 0.61 | ||||||||||||
| W9 | 4-bromophenylacetic acid | 2.31 | 4.19 | -0.50 | 1.75 | 2.82 | -1.00 | 0.61 | 0.56 | ||||||||||||
| W10 | 2-chlorophenylacetic acid | 2.10 | 4.07 | -0.83 | 1.22 | 2.25 | -1.00 | 0.61 | 0.55 | ||||||||||||
| W11 | 2-methylphenylacetic acid | 1.96 | 4.35 | -0.69 | 1.16 | 2.15 | -1.00 | 0.60 | 0.65 | ||||||||||||
| W12 | 2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid | 3.28 | 4.16 | 0.44 | 1.89 | 2.92 | -1.00 | 0.65 | 0.46 | ||||||||||||
| W13 | 1-naphthaleneacetic acid | 2.74 | 4.24 | -0.02 | 1.97 | 2.98 | -1.00 | 0.60 | 0.67 | ||||||||||||
| W14 | 2-chlorophenol | 2.15 | 8.35 | 2.13 | 1.95 | 2.12 | -0.03 | 0.32 | 0.31 | ||||||||||||
| W15 | 4-bromophenol | 2.59 | 9.31 | 2.59 | 2.37 | 2.52 | 0.00 | 0.67 | 0.20 | ||||||||||||
| W16 | 2,6-dibromophenol | 3.36 | 6.80 | 2.95 | 2.30 | 3.06 | -0.55 | 0.47 | 0.22 | ||||||||||||
| W17 | 2,4-dibromophenol | 3.06 | 7.85 | 3.00 | 2.57 | 3.08 | -0.15 | 0.49 | 0.27 | ||||||||||||
| W18 | 2,4,6-trichlorophenol | 3.69 | 6.21 | 2.83 | 2.74 | 3.73 | -0.86 | 0.42 | 0.15 | ||||||||||||
| W19 | 2,4,6-tribromophenol | 4.33 | 5.95 | 3.24 | 3.13 | 4.26 | -0.86 | 0.42 | 0.15 | ||||||||||||
| W20 | pentachlorophenol | 4.69 | 5.12 | 2.80 | 3.82 | 4.93 | -1.00 | 0.70 | 0.00 | ||||||||||||
| W21 | 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid | NA | NA | / | / | 1.27 | -2.00 | 1.14 | 0.77 | ||||||||||||
| W22 | 1,3,5-benzenetriol | NA | NA | / | 0.23 | 0.96 | -0.01 | 1.40 | 0.82 | ||||||||||||
| W23 | 2-amino-5-nitrophenol | NA | NA | / | 1.15 | 1.66 | -0.04 | 0.76 | 0.64 | ||||||||||||
| W24 | 1,4-benzenediol | NA | NA | / | 0.21 | 0.60 | 0.00 | 1.06 | 0.57 | ||||||||||||
| W25 | 2-amino-4-nitrophenol | NA | NA | / | 0.74 | 1.86 | -0.04 | 1.01 | 0.43 | ||||||||||||
| Compound type | No. | Compound | log P | pKa | log D7.0 | log kw-IS | log kw-IP | ne | A | B | |||||||||||
| W26 | 5-nitroisophthalic acid | NA | NA | / | 2.89 | 2.86 | -2.00 | 1.25 | 0.87 | ||||||||||||
| W27 | 4-aminobenzoic acid | NA | NA | / | / | 0.45 | -0.99 | 0.80 | 0.76 | ||||||||||||
| W28 | 2-aminophenol | NA | NA | / | 0.65 | 0.78 | 0.00 | 0.60 | 0.66 | ||||||||||||
| W29 | 4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol | NA | NA | / | 1.09 | 1.06 | 0.00 | 0.81 | 0.67 | ||||||||||||
| W30 | 3-aminophenol | NA | NA | / | 0.33 | 0.59 | 0.00 | 0.65 | 0.78 | ||||||||||||
| W31 | ethyl gallate | NA | NA | / | 1.26 | 2.98 | -0.15 | 1.35 | 0.93 | ||||||||||||
| W32 | 2-amino-4-tert-butylphenol | NA | NA | / | 2.58 | 2.68 | 0.00 | 0.51 | 0.59 | ||||||||||||
| W33 | 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid | NA | NA | / | / | 1.01 | -1.00 | 1.56 | 0.93 | ||||||||||||
| Sulfonic acids | S1 | benzenesulfonic acid | NA | NA | / | 0.30 | 1.70 | -1.00 | 0.31 | 0.88 | |||||||||||
| S2 | 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid | NA | NA | / | / | 2.30 | -2.00 | 0.63 | 1.71 | ||||||||||||
| S3 | 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid | NA | NA | / | 1.27 | 2.57 | -1.00 | 0.31 | 0.87 | ||||||||||||
| S4 | 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid | NA | NA | / | 1.04 | 2.11 | -1.00 | 0.31 | 0.88 | ||||||||||||
| S5 | 5-amino-2-nanphthalenesulfonic acid | NA | NA | / | 0.94 | 2.09 | -1.00 | 0.54 | 1.26 | ||||||||||||
| S6 | 2-amino-1,4-benzenedisulfonic acid | NA | NA | / | / | 1.75 | -2.00 | 0.85 | 1.90 | ||||||||||||
| S7 | 1-naphthalenesulfonic acid | NA | NA | / | 1.66 | 2.95 | -1.00 | 0.31 | 0.94 | ||||||||||||
| S8 | 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid | NA | NA | / | 1.65 | 2.86 | -1.00 | 0.31 | 0.94 | ||||||||||||
| S9 | 2,4-dimethylbenzenesulfonic acid | NA | NA | / | 1.28 | 2.64 | -1.00 | 0.31 | 0.89 | ||||||||||||
| S10 | 4-sulfobenzoic acid | NA | NA | / | / | 1.54 | -2.00 | 0.88 | 1.21 | ||||||||||||
| S11 | 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid | NA | NA | / | 1.95 | 3.75 | -1.14 | 0.81 | 0.90 | ||||||||||||
| S12 | 3,5-dicarbomethoxybenzenesulfonic acid | NA | NA | / | 1.63 | 2.90 | -1.00 | 0.31 | 1.55 | ||||||||||||
| S13 | 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid | NA | NA | / | / | 1.15 | -1.01 | 0.81 | 1.15 | ||||||||||||
| S14 | 3-sulfobenzoic acid | NA | NA | / | / | 1.85 | -2.00 | 0.88 | 1.21 | ||||||||||||
The n-octanol/water partition coefficients (log P) and pKa were literature values obtained from the database module of ACD/Labs software; log D7.0 (log D under pH 7.0) were calculated with log P, pKa and pH; log kw-IS was log kw value in IS-RPLC mode extrapolated by linear solvent strength (LSS) model; log kw-IP was log kw value in IP-RPLC mode extrapolated by LSS model; ne, A and B values were obtained from https://ilab.acdlabs.com/iLab2/; NA: no literature log P, pKa value available; /: not available.
图1部分弱离解和强离解化合物在不同流动相下的log k-φ关系
待测化合物的log D7.0实验预测值
| No. | Compound | log D7.0 | Error(d) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACD/Labs(a) | Predicted in this work | |||
| W22 | 1, 3,5-benzenetriol | 0 | 0.04(b) | 0.04 |
| W23 | 2-amino-5-nitrophenol | 1.13 | 0.90(b) | -0.23 |
| W24 | 1,4-benzenediol | 0.62 | 0.17(b) | -0.45 |
| W25 | 2-amino-4-nitrophenol | 0.66 | 0.84(b) | 0.18 |
| W26 | 5-nitroisophthalic acid | -2.80 | -0.46(b) | 2.34 |
| W28 | 2-aminophenol | 0.49 | 0.30(b) | -0.19 |
| W29 | 4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol | 0.85 | 0.88(b) | 0.03 |
| W30 | 3-aminophenol | 0.61 | -0.18(b) | -0.79 |
| W31 | ethyl gallate | 1.22 | 0.79(b) | -0.43 |
| W32 | 2-amino-4-tert-butylphenol | 2.27 | 2.46(b) | 0.19 |
| S1 | benzenesulfonic acid | -4.05 | -2.16(b) | 1.89 |
| S3 | 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid | -3.34 | -1.08(b) | 2.26 |
| S4 | 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid | -2.57 | -1.34(b) | 1.23 |
| S5 | 5-amino-2-nanphthalenesulfonic acid | -3.91 | -1.81(b) | 2.10 |
| S7 | 1-naphthalenesulfonic acid | -2.87 | -0.74(b) | 2.13 |
| S8 | 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid | -2.87 | -0.75(b) | 2.12 |
| S9 | 2,4-dimethylbenzenesulfonic acid | -2.18 | -1.09(b) | 1.09 |
| S11 | 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid | -3.15 | -0.33(b) | 2.82 |
| S12 | 3,5-dicarbomethoxybenzenesulfonic acid | -3.23 | -1.53(b) | 1.70 |
| W21 | 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid | -2.13 | -4.28(c) | -2.15 |
| W27 | 4-aminobenzoic acid | -1.41 | -2.79(c) | 1.38 |
| W33 | 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid | -2.10 | -2.39(c) | -0.29 |
| S2 | 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid | -6.60 | -4.69(c) | 1.91 |
| S6 | 2-amino-1,4-benzenedisulfonic acid | -7.73 | -5.55(c) | 2.18 |
| S10 | 4-sulfobenzoic acid | -5.54 | -4.70(c) | 0.84 |
| S13 | 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid | -5.14 | -2.70(c) | 2.44 |
| S14 | 3-sulfobenzoic acid | -5.36 | -4.36(c) | 1.00 |
(a) calculated using ACD/Labs software V11.02 (© 1994-2021 ACD/Labs); (b)predicted by model (5) using IS-RPLC method; (c) predicted by model (6) using IP-RPLC method; (d) log D7.0 predicted in this work-log D7.0 calculated using ACD/Labs.
log D-log kw-IP模型的外部验证
| Compound | log D7.0 | Errors | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SFM/SSM(a) | IP-RPLC(c) | ACD/Labs(d) | 1 | 2 | ||
| Pentachlorophenol | 2.80 | 2.52 | 3.20 | |||
| Benzoic acid | -0.93 | -0.97 | -1.12 | -0.04 | -0.15 | |
| 3,5-Dicarbomethoxybenzenesulfonic acid | -1.53(b) | -1.47 | -3.23 | 0.06 | -1.70 | |
(a) literature SFM/SSM data obtained from database module of ACD/Labs software; (b) predicted by model (5) using IS-RPLC method in this work; (c) predicted by model (6) using IP-RPLC method in this work; (d) calculated values using ACD/Labs software V11.02 (© 1994-2021 ACD/Labs). Errors: 1. log D7.0 (IP-RPLC)-log D7.0 (SFM/SSM); 2. log D7.0 (ACD/Labs)-log D7.0 (SFM/SSM).