Paolo Gaibani1, Milo Gatti2, Matteo Rinaldi3, Cristina Crovara Pesce4, Tiziana Lazzarotto5, Maddalena Giannella6, Donatella Lombardo4, Stefano Amadesi4, Pierluigi Viale3, Federico Pea2, Simone Ambretti4. 1. Division of Microbiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Italy. Electronic address: paolo.gaibani@unibo.it. 2. SSD Clinical Pharmacology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy. 3. Division of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Italy. 4. Division of Microbiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Italy. 5. Division of Microbiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy. 6. Division of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Ceftazidime-avibactam (CAZ-AVI) is a promising novel agent with activity against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Here, we describe the dynamic evolution of a Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC-Kp) infection in a critically ill patient treated with CAZ-AVI-tigecycline combination therapy. METHODS: Whole-genome sequencing was performed on longitudinal intrapatient KPC-Kp strains isolated from different sites during CAZ-AVI treatment. The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analysis was performed on the basis of therapeutic drug monitoring of ceftazidime. RESULTS: The development of resistance due to mutations in the blaKPC gene was observed in KPC-Kp strains isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage and blood during CAZ-AVI treatment. PK/PD analysis demonstrated that during the first days of treatment CAZ- AVI blood exposure was suboptimal (steady-state concentration/minimum inhibitory concentration ratio 2.85). Of note, the low antibiotic pressure may have selected hybrid subpopulations harboring blaKPC-3 and T243M mutation in KPC-Kp isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage and D179Y mutation in those isolated from blood. CONCLUSION: These results suggest the high adaptability of KPC to CAZ-AVI due to the rapid evolution of resistance and highlight the importance of identifying the optimal PK/PD target to prevent such an event from occurring again in a critically ill patient with pneumonia due to KPC-Kp.
OBJECTIVES: Ceftazidime-avibactam (CAZ-AVI) is a promising novel agent with activity against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Here, we describe the dynamic evolution of a Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC-Kp) infection in a critically ill patient treated with CAZ-AVI-tigecycline combination therapy. METHODS: Whole-genome sequencing was performed on longitudinal intrapatient KPC-Kp strains isolated from different sites during CAZ-AVI treatment. The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analysis was performed on the basis of therapeutic drug monitoring of ceftazidime. RESULTS: The development of resistance due to mutations in the blaKPC gene was observed in KPC-Kp strains isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage and blood during CAZ-AVI treatment. PK/PD analysis demonstrated that during the first days of treatment CAZ- AVI blood exposure was suboptimal (steady-state concentration/minimum inhibitory concentration ratio 2.85). Of note, the low antibiotic pressure may have selected hybrid subpopulations harboring blaKPC-3 and T243M mutation in KPC-Kp isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage and D179Y mutation in those isolated from blood. CONCLUSION: These results suggest the high adaptability of KPC to CAZ-AVI due to the rapid evolution of resistance and highlight the importance of identifying the optimal PK/PD target to prevent such an event from occurring again in a critically ill patient with pneumonia due to KPC-Kp.