Christianity, Family, Students, and COVID-19.

Four substantial topics are explored in this issue of the Journal of Religion and Health, namely: (1) Christianity, (2) family and faith dynamics, (3) the spiritual and religious experiences of students from Islamic, Christian, Buddhist, Hindu, and Jewish perspectives, and lastly, (4) the lingering effects of COVID-19. This issue also notes the diamond jubilee-60th year-of JORH (2021).

Introduction

The Journal of Religion and Health (JORH) commenced in 1961 as a journal of the Academy of Religion and Mental Health, which was an academic wing of the US Blanton-Peale Institute (founded in 1937). As noted by Levin (2020, p. 4–5) in his textbook ‘Religion and Medicine,’ the publication of JORH was one of the notable outcomes of the ‘religion and health movement’ during the first half of the twentieth Century. The first Editor, Rev. Dr. George Christian Anderson (1907–1976: who was an active cleric in mental health), commenced JORH with only one issue published in 1961 and with only seven articles, but with the clear purpose to correlate “medicine, the behavioral sciences, theology, and philosophy–disciplines devoted to healing and to improving our total health” (Anderson, 1961, p. 9). Some noteworthy authors published articles in the initial years of JORH, such as Viktor E. Frankl (1905–1997), Seward Hiltner (1909–1984), and Wayne E. Oates (1917–1999). Today, published by Springer Nature, JORH currently has six issues per year and publishes approximately 50 articles each issue, totaling around 300 published articles per annum (not including online first articles—usually over 100). Given the substantial volume of articles that are received every year (up to a 1,000 per annum), JORH has successfully progressed from a collection of randomly published articles to publishing thematically and thus turning each JORH issue into a useful anthology with designated topic areas that are of interest to both readers and researchers. Looking into the future, we can only wish JORH well and hope that the following generations will respect the privilege of preserving and promoting JORH, as well as contributing to its legacy.

As we move forward into the holiday season (after another challenging year of COVID), this last issue for 2021 of JORH (2021), commences with articles that reflect upon aspects relating to Christianity. Christianity (along with Islam) was a key theme in a previous issue of JORH (2021a). Currently, Christianity has the largest percentage of religious believers across the world constituting 31.2% of religious adherents and projected to remain so until at least 2060 (Carey, et al., 2021a; PRC, 2017). Perhaps understandably, and as reflected within this issue of JORH, there are many religious and healthcare dynamics that Christianity touches. Various articles within this issue of JORH consider the Catholic denomination and its priests, as well as the Catholic healthcare system, prayer, pilgrimages, and biblical relevance to health care, along with a description of various non-denominational Christian healthcare rehabilitation programs.

Concerns relating to families are also considered in this particular issue of JORH with respect to women, children, and adolescents. However, articles relating to students (primary, secondary, and tertiary) dominate this issue of JORH from Islamic, Christian, Buddhist, Hindu, and Jewish perspectives. Lastly, as vaccination rates increase, articles relating to COVID-19 are diminishing and this issue only presents two articles on this topic—a vast reduction compared to previous JORH issues.

Christianity

Within this section, the first collection of articles examines aspects of the Catholic church, namely (i) bibliometric analysis and visualization of Catholic healthcare research from 1973 to 2019, (ii) the Lourdes pilgrimage and quality of life, (iii) transcendent experiences among pilgrims to Lourdes, (iv) occupational stress among Catholic priests, (v) intercessory rote prayer, life longevity of Roman Catholic bishops, and (vi) the experiences and perceived effects of praying the Rosary. This section concludes with (vii) an historical review of Theophrastus Bombastus Von Hohenheim (1493–1541), a German-Swiss Catholic lay-theological reformer, philosopher, and alchemist-physician who sought to improve both medical and ecclesiastical practices.

Subsequently, a range of topics are presented which consider more contemporary healthcare research such as (viii) a process evaluation of a faith-based multicomponent behavioral intervention to reduce stroke risk in Mexican Americans—the SHARE Project, (ix) faith communities’ improvements in readiness to engage in addiction resilience and recovery programs, (x) religion and recovery among individuals experiencing homelessness, (xi) Korean Christian young adults’ religiosity and post-traumatic growth, (xii) the benefits of spiritual diaries in Korea, (xiii) the psychology, pursuit, sense of power and structural patterns of biblical social relations, (xiv) what the Gospel story of the hemorrhaging woman can teach nurses (and us all), (xv) the experience of gender incongruity in the Christian Church, (xvi) sexual practice and decision making among Christian women in South Africa, (xvii) Christian Churches and the prevention of preadolescent aggression and violence in Puerto Rico, (xviii) cognitive and behavioral changes arising from spirituality, and finally, (xix) the interaction between death concerns and religiosity through an evaluation of a human Jesus.

Family

This section considers a wide range of family topics covering (1) broad familial issues, (2) factors affecting children and adolescents, and finally, (3) concerns affecting the health of women—a recurrent topic previously discussed in JORH (Carey et al, 2021b). Firstly, research related to familial issues: (i) family planning attitudes, religious orientation, and fatalistic tendency levels in Turkey, (ii) the relationship between workplace spirituality and work-to-family enrichment in Malaysia, and (iii) an exploratory study of low-income family experiences of early childhood inclusive education in New Zealand.

Secondly, there are articles on children and adolescents: (iv) religious and spiritual practices used by children and adolescents to cope with cancer, (v) religious support moderating the long reach of adverse childhood events upon physical health, and (vi) recollections of childhood sexual abuse in Afghanistan.

Thirdly, women’s health is addressed: (vii) women’s and their partners’ adjustment to the threat of breast cancer, (viii) effects of sexual behavior, intercourse, satisfaction-related myths, and perceived spirituality on sexual dysfunctions in Muslim pregnant women, (ix) the relation between religious coping, adjustment to fertility, being affected by infertility, and satisfaction with life among Turkish women with infertility, and lastly, (x) the power of women’s faith in coping with intimate partner violence.

Students

Another area of increasing research concerns student issues. This section begins with (i) a scientific mapping of the literature regarding the spirituality and well-being of children, adolescent, and adult students. Subsequently, students from different religious persuasions are researched, namely those from Islamic, Christian, Jewish, and Hindu backgrounds.

Firstly, Islamic articles are considered: (ii) nursing students’ perception levels of spirituality and spiritual care in Turkey, (iii) the relationship between international students’ health perceptions and healthy lifestyle behaviors, (iv) the association between religious attitudes and aggression levels in Turkish university students, (v) the use of Islamic patterned art therapy and the healing of psychological problems among university students, (vi) determining the knowledge and attitudes of theological students in Turkey toward brain death and organ donation, (vii) the relationship between Turkish nursing students' perceptions of spiritual care and their attitudes toward death, and (viii) what intern nursing students in Turkey think about death and end-of-life care.

Secondly, coming from a Christian perspective, this section explores (ix) servant leadership and spirituality among undergraduate and graduate nursing students, (x) religious problem-solving styles and life satisfaction among students, (xi) religiosity’s association with motivation to start and stop smoking among adolescent students in Brazil, (xii) listening to transgender and gender diverse students on Christian college campuses, and (xiii) a novel experiential course for undergraduate medical education on religion and spirituality.

Thirdly, the remaining articles consider students of the Jewish faith, Buddhism, and Hinduism: (xiv) US synagogues and the promotion of youth physical activity programs, (xv) religion, strain, and suicidality among Chinese young adult students, and lastly, (xvi) the impact of a course on the Bhagavad Gita for college students.

COVID-19

Finally, there are the two articles related to COVID-19. This pandemic, which has caused significant physical, psychological, social, economic, religious, and spiritual impact, has now been addressed across seven JORH issues. According to WHO (2021), the total number of COVID-19 cases worldwide now exceeds 230 million and has caused nearly 5 million deaths—with the USA, India, and Brazil having the largest number of cases and deaths (Table 1).

Table 1

Top 20 nations with the highest COVID-19 cases and deaths (October 1, 2021)

Country	Cases	Deaths	Country	Cases	Deaths
USA	42,966,938	689,099	Colombia	4,955,848	126,261
India	33,766, 707	448,339	Italy	4,627,355	130,921
Brazil	21, 399,584	596,122	Germany	4,237,619	93,711
UK	7,807,040	136,662	Indonesia	4,216,728	142,026
Russia	7,535,548	208,142	Mexico	3,655,395	276,973
Turkey	7,154,070	64,054	Poland	2,908,432	75,666
France	8,799,222	114,475	South Africa	2,902,672	87,626
Iran	5,567,040	120,428	Philippines	2,549,966	38,294
Argentina	5,255,261	115,130	Ukraine	2,435,413	56,446
Spain	4,959,091	86,415	Malaysia	2,245,695	26,335

Source: WHO (2021). WHO-COVID-19 Statistics Dashboard; see also Carey et al., 2021b for comparable statistics April 2021

It should not be surprising that by October 2021, Elsevier SCOPUS reported a record number of COVID-19 publications with just over 200,000 peer-reviewed articles having been published (Table 2). As we finalize this issue, JORH will have published (in total) 80 articles on COVID-19. Within this issue, two additional articles examine (i) anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic among academics in the Muslim World and (ii) the collaboration between Christian faith-based communities and public health programs during the pandemic.

Table 2

‘COVID-19’: Refereed Journal Articles Published 2019–2021 (October) *

Year	Articles published	Cumulative
2019	54	54
2020	84,731	84,785
2021	119,478	204,263**

Note: *Source: SCOPUS/Elsevier (2021): Title, Abstract, Keyword: ‘COVID’; Total October 2021

** Figures do not include non-peer-reviewed publications

Call for Papers

As stated in the previous editorial (Carey et al., 2021c), this year marks two decades since the devastating event of September 11, 2001. Authors are encouraged to submit their reflections upon 9/11 for future issues of the journal. Please feel free to contact one of the editors if you wish to discuss a potential paper. Submissions are made through the Editorial Manager on the JORH Web site: https://www.springer.com/journal/10943/submission-guidelines.