Madeline Cetlin1, Evelynne S Fulda1, Sarah M Chu1, Ole-Petter R Hamnvik2, Tonia Poteat3, Markella V Zanni4,5, Mabel Toribio6,7. 1. Metabolism Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. 2. Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. 3. Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. 4. Metabolism Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. mzanni@mgh.harvard.edu. 5. Metabolism Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, 5 LON 207, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. mzanni@mgh.harvard.edu. 6. Metabolism Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. mptoribio@mgh.harvard.edu. 7. Metabolism Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, 5 LON 207, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. mptoribio@mgh.harvard.edu.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Transgender individuals are at disproportionate risk for HIV infection, with prevalence rates highest among transgender women of color. Antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated people with HIV (PWH) are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), in relation to persistent systemic immune activation and metabolic dysregulation. The purpose of this review is to examine parameters which may affect CVD risk among transgender PWH. RECENT FINDINGS: Among transgender women and men, prospective longitudinal studies have shown that gender-affirming hormonal therapy (GAHT) is associated with select deleterious cardiometabolic effects such as increases in visceral adipose tissue. Retrospective studies among transgender women and men suggest an increase in CVD risk, such as venous thromboembolism, cerebrovascular accidents, and myocardial infarction. Studies among transgender PWH adhering to GAHT and ART suggest heightened systemic immune activation/inflammation. Prospective longitudinal studies assessing factors associated with increased CVD events among transgender PWH are needed to guide the development of CVD prevention strategies in this at-risk population.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Transgender individuals are at disproportionate risk for HIV infection, with prevalence rates highest among transgender women of color. Antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated people with HIV (PWH) are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), in relation to persistent systemic immune activation and metabolic dysregulation. The purpose of this review is to examine parameters which may affect CVD risk among transgender PWH. RECENT FINDINGS: Among transgender women and men, prospective longitudinal studies have shown that gender-affirming hormonal therapy (GAHT) is associated with select deleterious cardiometabolic effects such as increases in visceral adipose tissue. Retrospective studies among transgender women and men suggest an increase in CVD risk, such as venous thromboembolism, cerebrovascular accidents, and myocardial infarction. Studies among transgender PWH adhering to GAHT and ART suggest heightened systemic immune activation/inflammation. Prospective longitudinal studies assessing factors associated with increased CVD events among transgender PWH are needed to guide the development of CVD prevention strategies in this at-risk population.
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