The genome of the black cutworm Agrotis ipsilon.

The black cutworm (BCW), Agrotis ipsilon, is a worldwide polyphagous and underground pest that causes a high level of economic loss to a wide range of crops through the damage of roots. This species performs non-directed migration throughout East and Southeast Asia seasonally. Lack of a genome information has limited further studies on its unique biology and the development of novel management approaches. In this study, we present a 476 Mb de novo assembly of BCW, along with a consensus gene set of 14,801 protein-coding gene models. Quality controls show that both genome assembly and annotations are high-quality and mostly complete. We focus manual annotation and comparative genomics on gene families that related to the unique attributes of this species, such as nocturnality, long-distance migration, and host adaptation. We find that the BCW genome encodes a similar gene repertoire in various migration-related gene families to the diural migratory butterfly Danaus plexiipus, with additional copies of long wavelength opsin and two eye development-related genes. On the other hand, we find that the genomes of BCW and many other polyphagous lepidopterans encode many more gustatory receptor genes, particularly the lineage-specific expanded bitter receptor genes, than the mono- or oligo-phagous species, suggesting a common role of gustatory receptors (GRs) expansion in host range expansion. The availability of a BCW genome provides valuable resources to study the molecular mechanisms of non-directed migration in lepidopteran pests and to develop novel strategies to control migratory nocturnal pests.