Oral configurations during vowel nasalization in English.

Speech nasalization is achieved primarily through the opening and closing of the velopharyngeal port. However, the resultant acoustic features can also be influenced by tongue configuration. Although vowel nasalization is not contrastive in English, two previous studies have found possible differences in the oral articulation of nasal and oral vowel productions, albeit with inconsistent results. In an attempt to further understand the conflicting findings, we evaluated the oral kinematics of nasalized and non-nasalized vowels in a cohort of both male and female American English speakers via electromagnetic articulography. Tongue body and lip positions were captured during vowels produced in nasal and oral contexts (e.g., /mɑm/, /bɑb/). Large contrasts were seen in all participants between tongue position of /æ/ in oral and nasal contexts, in which tongue positions were higher and more forward during /mæm/ than /bæb/. Lip aperture was smaller in a nasal context for /æ/. Lip protrusion was not different between vowels in oral and nasal contexts. Smaller contrasts in tongue and lip position were seen for vowels /ɑ, i, u/; this is consistent with biomechanical accounts of vowel production that suggest that /i, u/ are particularly constrained, whereas /æ/ has fewer biomechanical constraints, allowing for more flexibility for articulatory differences in different contexts. Thus we conclude that speakers of American English do indeed use different oral configurations for vowels that are in nasal and oral contexts, despite vowel nasalization being non-contrastive. This effect was consistent across speakers for only one vowel, perhaps accounting for previously-conflicting results.