Literature DB >> 34586730

Characterization of the molecular mechanisms underlying azithromycin-induced cardiotoxicity using human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.

Xiaochen Wang^1,2, Ziwei Pan^1,2, Jue Wang^1,2, Hongkun Wang^1,2, Hangping Fan^1,2, Tingyu Gong^1,2, Qiming Sun³, Ye Feng^2,4, Ping Liang^1,2.

Abstract

Entities: Chemical

Keywords: QT interval; autophagy; azithromycin; cardiotoxicity; iPSC-CMs; lysosome

Mesh：

Substances：
Cardiotoxins
Azithromycin

Year: 2021 PMID： 34586730 PMCID： PMC8444559 DOI： 10.1002/ctm2.549

Source DB: PubMed Journal: Clin Transl Med ISSN： 2001-1326

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Dear Editor, We performed a comprehensive study to characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying azithromycin (AZM)‐induced cardiotoxicity (AIC) using human‐induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC‐CMs). Electrophysiologically, high‐concentration AZM causes accelerated beating rate and dramatically shortened QT in the absence of proarrhythmic risk. Morphologically, high‐concentration AZM interferes with lysosomal activity to impair autophagy flux and autophagosome maturation. The futile and excessive autophagosome formation and accumulation confers vacuole formation, sarcomeric damage, and cardiomyocyte death. Our study uncovered a novel molecular mechanism underlying AIC, and reducing the accumulation of autophagosomes may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for potential AZM‐induced cardiovascular risk. AZM is one of the most frequently used antibiotics linked to an increased risk of fatal ventricular arrhythmias and cardiovascular death. Results of AZM‐associated cardiovascular risk in existing retrospective studies were discordant, and underlying mechanisms remain unclear., , Three healthy iPSC‐CM lines were utilized to investigate AIC, such as arrhythmias, reduced cell viability and morphological damage (Figure S1‐S2). Field potentials (FPs) and action potentials were recorded from iPSC‐CMs by multi‐electrode array and patch clamp, and baseline electrophysiological parameters were comparable between three iPSC‐CM lines (Figure S3‐S4). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and moxifloxacin (MXF) were firstly tested as negative and positive drugs. As expected, DMSO showed negligible effect on FPs, whereas MXF caused prominent prolongation of FP duration (FPD) (Figure 1A–D, Table S1). Having established a stable drug testing platform, we next assessed the acute effects of AZM on electrophysiology (Figure S5). Strikingly, AZM resulted in strong effects on FPs in a concentration‐dependent manner (Figure 1E). Starting from 3 μM, acute AZM treatment caused significantly increased beating rate and shortened FPD (Figure 1F, Table S1). We observed no arrhythmic activity even at the maximal tested concentration of AZM. Consistent with previous studies,, we observed that 100 μM AZM caused approximately 20% inhibition of human ether‐à‐go‐go‐related gene (hERG) currents, indicating a minimal effect on hERG (Figure S6). Ca2+ currents isolated from 10 and 30 μM AZM‐treated iPSC‐CMs were significantly reduced, and steady‐state activation (SSA) curve in 30 μM AZM‐treated iPSC‐CMs was significantly right‐shifted (Figure 1G‐L, Table S2). Moreover, acutely treated with 30 μM AZM, Na+ current density was significantly decreased, and steady‐state inactivation (SSI) was significantly left‐shifted (Figure 1M‐R, Table S2). No significant change was observed in K+ current recordings (Figure S7).

FIGURE 1

Electrophysiological effects of acute azithromycin (AZM) in induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC‐CMs). (A) Representative field potential (FP) tracings recorded from iPSC‐CMs with acute treatment of 0, 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), respectively. (B) Acute effects of DMSO on beating period (BP), field potential duration (FPD), corrected field potential duration (FPDc), and field potential amplitude (FPA). (C) Representative FP tracings recorded from iPSC‐CMs with acute treatment of 0, 3, 10, 30, and 100 μM moxifloxacin (MXF), respectively. (D) Acute effects of MXF on BP, FPD, FPDc, and FPA. Prominent prolongation of FPD and FPDc was observed in response to acute treatment of MXF in a concentration‐dependent manner. BP was significantly increased at 30 and 100 μM, suggesting a slower effect on beating rate induced by MXF. Note that 30 and 100 μM MXF had largely decreased effect on FPA. Mycoytes were derived from three different iPSC lines. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001. (E) Representative FP tracings recorded from iPSC‐CMs with acute treatment of 0, 1, 3, 10, and 30 μM AZM, respectively. (F) Acute effects of AZM on BP, FPD, FPDc, and FPA. Beating rate, reflected by BP, was significantly increased started at the concentration of 3 μM AZM. Starting from 3 μM, acute treatment of AZM gave rise to markedly shortened FPD and FPDc. The FPA was significantly decreased by 10 and 30 μM AZM treatment. Mycoytes were derived from three different iPSC lines. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001. (G) Representative Ca2+ current tracings isolated from control iPSC‐CMs and iPSC‐CMs with acute treatment of 30 μM AZM. Myocytes were derived from iPSC #3. (H) Comparison of Ca2+ current‐voltage relationship curve (IV curve) between control iPSC‐CMs and iPSC‐CMs with acute treatment of 1, 10, and 30 μM AZM. (I) Bar graph to compare peak Ca2+ current density at 0 mV between different groups in H. n = 8–13. We observed concentration‐dependent inhibition of Ca2+ currents in AZM‐treated iPSC‐CMs, and significant changes were achieved at 10 and 30 μM. *** p < 0.001 and **** p < 0.0001. (J) Comparison of steady‐state activation (SSA) and steady‐state inactivation (SSI) of Ca2+ current between control iPSC‐CMs and iPSC‐CMs with acute treatment of 1, 10, and 30 μM AZM. (K and L) Bar graphs to compare V1/2 of SSA and SSI of Ca2+ current between different groups in J. SSA, n = 7–12; SSI, n = 8–9. SSA curve of Ca2+ currents in 30 μM AZM‐treated iPSC‐CMs was significantly right‐shifted as compared to controls, whereas SSI curves of Ca2+ currents stayed unchanged between control and AZM‐treated iPSC‐CMs. * p < 0.05. (M) Representative Na+ current tracings isolated from control iPSC‐CMs and iPSC‐CMs with acute treatment of 30 μM AZM. (N) Comparison of Na+ IV curve between control iPSC‐CMs and iPSC‐CMs with acute treatment of 10 and 30 μM AZM. Myocytes were derived from iPSC #3. (O) Bar graph to compare peak Na+ current density at −30 mV between different groups in N. n = 5‐11. Slight reduction of Na+ currents was noted by acute treatment of 10 μM AZM, and this change turned to be statistically significant upon 30 μM AZM treatment. *** p < 0.001. (P) Comparison of SSA and SSI of Na+ current between control iPSC‐CMs and iPSC‐CMs with acute treatment of 10 and 30 μM AZM. (Q and R) Bar graphs to compare V1/2 of SSA and SSI of Na+ current between different groups in P. SSA, n = 5–10; SSI, n = 5–11. SSA curves of Na+ currents were comparable between control and AZM‐treated iPSC‐CMs. However, SSI curve of Na+ currents in 30 μM AZM‐treated iPSC‐CMs was significantly left‐shifted. * p < 0.05

FIGURE 2

Electrophysiological effects of chronic AZM in iPSC‐CMs. (A) Representative FP tracings recorded from iPSC‐CMs with chronic treatment of 0.1% DMSO on day 0–5. (B) Chronic effects of 0.1% DMSO on BP, FPD, FPDc, and FPA. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01. (C) Representative FP tracings recorded from iPSC‐CMs with chronic treatment of 30 μM AZM on day 0–5. (D) Chronic effects of 30 μM AZM on BP, FPD, FPDc, and FPA. In line with the observations of acute effects by AZM, dramatic changes of FPs were seen starting on day 1, resulting in accelerated beating rate and shortened FPD and FPDc, which stayed constant from day 2 to day 5 postinduction. Conversely, we observed increased effect on FPA by chronic treatment of AZM, which was significantly decreased in acute AZM test. Mycoytes were derived from three different iPSC lines. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001. (E) Representative Ca2+ current tracings isolated from control and AZM (30 μM, 5 days)‐treated iPSC‐CMs. Myocytes were derived from iPSC #3. (F) Comparison of Ca2+ IV curve between control and AZM (30 μM, 5 days)‐treated iPSC‐CMs. (G) Bar graph to compare peak Ca2+ current density at 0 mV between the two groups in F. n = 9–16. **** p < 0.0001. (H) Comparison of SSA and SSI of Ca2+ current between control and AZM (30 μM, 5 days)‐treated iPSC‐CMs. (I and J) Bar graphs to compare V1/2 of SSA and SSI of Na+ current between the two groups in H. SSA, n = 9–10; SSI, n = 7–10. (K) Representative Na+ current tracings isolated from control and AZM (30 μM, 5 days)‐treated iPSC‐CMs. Myocytes were derived from iPSC #3. (L) Comparison of Na+ IV curve between control and AZM (30 μM, 5 days)‐treated iPSC‐CMs. (M) Bar graph to compare peak Na+ current density at −30 mV between the two groups in L. n = 11–22. (N) Comparison of SSA and SSI of Na+ current between control and AZM (30 μM, 5 days)‐treated iPSC‐CMs. (O and P) Bar graphs to compare V1/2 of SSA and SSI of Na+ current between the two groups in N. SSA, n = 11–17; SSI, n = 11–12

FIGURE 3

AZM causes cell death and morphological changes by interfering with lysosomes to impair autophagy flux and autophagosome maturation in iPSC‐CMs. (A) Line graph to compare the cell viability by CCK8 assay between control and AZM‐treated myocytes derived from three different iPSC lines at different concentrations. n = 4. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001. (B) Bar graph to compare the cell viability between control and 30 μM AZM‐treated myocytes derived from three different iPSC lines. n = 4. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001. (C) Representative morphology of control and 30 μM AZM‐treated myocytes derived from iPSC #1. Red arrows indicate the vacuole formation. Scale bar = 100 μm. (D) Immunofluorescent staining of control and 30 μM AZM‐treated myocytes derived from iPSC #1 using TNNT2 (green) and α‐actinin (red). DAPI indicates nuclear staining (blue). Enlarged views showing cardiac sarcomeres in the two groups. Scale bar = 20 μm. (E) Representative confocal images of brightfield and LysoTracker staining in control iPSC‐CMs, AZM‐treated iPSC‐CMs, iPSC‐CMs treated with Bafilomycin A1 (BafA1) (10 nM, 12 h), and iPSC‐CMs treated with chloroquine (CQ) (30 μM, 12 h), respectively. Myocytes were derived from iPSC #3. Scale bar = 20 μm. As positive controls, iPSC‐CMs were treated with CQ or BafA1, which are both lysosomal inhibitors. Treatment of BafA1 expectedly decreased the acidity of lysosomes by inhibiting H+‐ATPase and led to a decrease of LysoTracker puncta staining. However, such effect was not seen in CQ‐treated iPSC‐CMs, which exhibited enhanced LysoTracker puncta staining as comapared to controls. Similar with CQ, AZM treatment resulted in markedly enlarged, dilatate and accumulated lysosomes. (F) Western blot analysis of the LAMP2 expression in control and AZM‐treated myocytes from three different iPSC lines. (G) Bar graph to compare the lysosomal associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2) expression between the two groups. n = 3. ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001. (H) Representative transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of control and AZM‐treated myocytes derived from iPSC #3. Scale bar = 2 μm. Red and blue arrows indicate lysosomes and autophagosomes, respectively. (I) Representative confocal images of mCherry‐GFP‐LC3 expressed in control, AZM‐treated and CQ‐treated iPSC‐CMs. Red fluorescence (mCherry+GFP‐) indicates autolysosomes whereas yellow fluorescence (mCherry+GFP+) indicates autophagosomes. Myocytes were derived from iPSC #3. Scale bar = 10 μm. (J) Bar graph to compare the percentage of mCherry+GFP‐ puncta in control, AZM‐treated or CQ‐treated iPSC‐CMs. n = 15. **** p < 0.0001. (K‐M) Western blot analysis of the microtubule associated protein 1 light chain (LC3)‐II/LC3‐I expression in control and AZM‐treated myocytes from three different iPSC lines. (N) Bar graph to compare the LC3‐II/LC3‐I expression between control and AZM‐treated iPSC‐CMs. n = 3. ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001. (O) Western blot analysis of the p62 expression in control and AZM‐treated myocytes from three different iPSC lines. (P) Bar graph to compare the p62 expression between control and AZM‐treated myocytes from three different iPSC lines. n = 3. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001. (Q) Western blot analysis of the p62 and LC3‐II/LC3‐I expression in control iPSC‐CMs, BafA1‐treated iPSC‐CMs, AZM‐treated iPSC‐CMs, and iPSC‐CMs treated with AZM and BafA1. Myocytes were derived from iPSC #3. (R and S) Bar graphs to compare the p62 and LC3‐II/LC3‐I expression between different groups in Q. n = 3. ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001 To further elucidate the underlying mechanisms, we performed RNA sequencing of control and AZM‐treated iPSC‐CMs, which demonstrated that differentially expressing genes (DEGs) were enriched in lysosome pathway (Figures S14‐S15). To test if AZM‐induced cytotoxicity correlates with lysosomes, we performed live‐cell confocal microscopy using pH‐sensitive LysoTracker as a specific dye for lysosomes., Similar with chloroquine (CQ), AZM caused markedly enlarged, dilatate, and accumulated lysosomes (Figure 3E). Expression of lysosomal associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2), a specific marker for lysosomes, was significantly enhanced in AZM‐treated iPSC‐CMs (Figure 3F,G), whereas cathespin D expression was unchanged (Figure S16). Transmission electron microscope exhibited greatly increased number of lysosomes and autophagosomes in AZM‐treated iPSC‐CMs (Figure 3H). Given that the lysosome is a key factor in autophagy, we next investigated if AZM‐induced lysosomal changes may affect autophagy flux. We observed a high proportion of red puncta in untreated cells, indicating the basal state of the autolysosomes. In contrast, the proportion of red puncta was significantly lower in AZM‐ or CQ‐treated iPSC‐CMs (Figure 3I,J). Moving forward, we sought to determine how AZM affects autophagy. AZM‐treated iPSC‐CMs demonstrated a significantly increased protein expression of microtubule associated protein 1 light chain (LC3)‐II/LC3‐I and p62, pointing to suppressed late‐stage autophagy (Figure 3K‐P). Moreover, iPSC‐CMs were treated with bafilomycin A1 (BafA1) to block fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. BafA1 did not affect AZM‐induced p62 and LC3‐II/LC3‐I upregulation, further indicating that AZM causes impaired autophagy flux and autophagosome maturation (Figure 3Q‐S, Figure S17). However, expression of beclin 1 remained unchanged (Figure S18). We next assessed whether intervention of autophagy may rescue AZM‐induced cytotoxic phenotypes in iPSC‐CMs. Induction of autophagy by specific mTOR inhibitor Torin showed no rescuing effects (Figure 4A‐C, G, Figure S19‐S20). In contrast, inhibition of early‐stage autophagy by ULK1 inhibitor MRT68921 significantly restored AZM‐induced p62 and LC3‐II/LC3‐I upregulation, and effectively rescued the reduced cell viability phenotype, although failed to rescue vacuole formation and enhanced LAMP2 expression (Figure 4D‐F, H‐M, Figure S21‐S22). Interestingly, we found that removal of AZM‐containing medium significantly rescued AZM‐induced cytotoxic phenotypes, exhibiting not only restored cell viability, but also suppressed vacuole formation and rescued lysosomes (Figure 4N,O).

FIGURE 4

Rescuing AZM‐induced cytotoxicity by inhibition of early‐stage autophagy and medium removal in iPSC‐CMs. (A) Western blot analysis of p62 and LC3‐II/LC3‐I expression in control and AZM‐treated myocytes derived from iPSC #3 with or without Torin (2.5 nM, 5 days). (B and C) Bar graphs to compare p62 and LC3‐II/LC3‐I expression between different groups in A. n = 3. Torin did not alleviate AZM‐induced upregulation of p62 and even exacerbated the LC3‐II/LC3‐I upregulation phenotype caused by AZM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001. (D) Western blot analysis of the p62 and LC3‐II/LC3‐I expression in control and AZM‐treated myocytes derived from iPSC #3 with or without MRT68921 (1 μM, 5 days), an ULK1 inhibitor (ULK1i). (E and F) Bar graphs to compare p62 and LC3‐II/LC3‐I expression between different groups in D. n = 3. * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001. (G) Bar graph to compare the cell viability between control and AZM‐treated myocytes derived from iPSC #1 with or without Torin. n = 4. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and **** p < 0.0001. (H) Bar graph to compare the cell viability between control and AZM‐treated myocytes derived from iPSC #1 with or without ULK1i. n = 4. 5‐day treatment of ULK1i effectively rescued the reduced cell viability phenotype in AZM‐treated iPSC‐CMs, whereas Torin did not show any rescuing effect and even exacerbated the cytotoxic phenotypes. * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001. (I) Representative confocal images of brightfield and LysoTracker staining in control iPSC‐CMs, AZM‐treated iPSC‐CMs, ULK1i‐treated iPSC‐CMs, or iPSC‐CMs treated with AZM and ULK1i. Myocytes were derived from iPSC #1. Scale bar = 20 μm. (J) Western blot analysis of LAMP2, p62 and LC3‐II/LC3‐I expression in control and AZM‐treated myocytes derived from iPSC #1 with or without ULK1i. (K‐M) Bar graphs to compare LAMP2, p62 and LC3‐II/LC3‐I expression between different groups in J. n = 3. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001. (N) Bar graph to compare the cell viability between control iPSC‐CMs, AZM‐treated iPSC‐CMs, and AZM‐treated iPSC‐CMs with 1‐day, 2‐day or 3‐day AZM withdrawal. Myocytes were derived from iPSC #1. n = 12. *** p < 0.001 and **** p < 0.0001. (O) Representative confocal images of brightfield and LysoTracker staining in control iPSC‐CMs, AZM‐treated iPSC‐CMs, AZM‐treated iPSC‐CMs with 2‐day AZM withdrawal. Myocytes were derived from iPSC #1. Scale bar = 20 μm. Removal of AZM‐containing medium for 2 days significantly rescued AZM‐induced cytotoxic phenotypes in iPSC‐CMs. (P) Proposed work model of AZM‐induced cardiotoxicity. Electrophysiologically, high‐concentration AZM causes accelerated beating rate and dramatically shortened QTc in the absence of proarrhythmic risk in healthy control populations by acutely suppressing Na+ and Ca2+ channels, or chronically suppressing Ca2+ channel. Morphologically, high‐concentration AZM interferes with lysosomal activity to impair autophagy flux and autophagosome maturation. The futile and excessive autophagosome formation and accumulation confers vacuole formation, sarcomeric damage, and cardiomyocyte death. Inhibition of early‐stage autophagy to alleviate the burden of autophagosome accumulation by ULK1i may partially rescue the deleterious phenotypes

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

P.L., Y.F. and Q.S. designed and supervised the study. X.W., Z.P., J.W., H.W., H.F., T.G. and Y.F. performed the experiments and analyzed data. Z.P. and P.L. wrote the manuscript.

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

The data that support the findings of the study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Supporting Information Click here for additional data file.

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Chun-Jung Chen; Gang Chen; Guang-Chao Chen; Guoqiang Chen; Hongzhuan Chen; Jeff W Chen; Jian-Kang Chen; Min Chen; Mingzhou Chen; Peiwen Chen; Qi Chen; Quan Chen; Shang-Der Chen; Si Chen; Steve S-L Chen; Wei Chen; Wei-Jung Chen; Wen Qiang Chen; Wenli Chen; Xiangmei Chen; Yau-Hung Chen; Ye-Guang Chen; Yin Chen; Yingyu Chen; Yongshun Chen; Yu-Jen Chen; Yue-Qin Chen; Yujie Chen; Zhen Chen; Zhong Chen; Alan Cheng; Christopher Hk Cheng; Hua Cheng; Heesun Cheong; Sara Cherry; Jason Chesney; Chun Hei Antonio Cheung; Eric Chevet; Hsiang Cheng Chi; Sung-Gil Chi; Fulvio Chiacchiera; Hui-Ling Chiang; Roberto Chiarelli; Mario Chiariello; Marcello Chieppa; Lih-Shen Chin; Mario Chiong; Gigi Nc Chiu; Dong-Hyung Cho; Ssang-Goo Cho; William C Cho; Yong-Yeon Cho; Young-Seok Cho; Augustine Mk Choi; Eui-Ju Choi; Eun-Kyoung Choi; Jayoung Choi; Mary E Choi; Seung-Il Choi; Tsui-Fen Chou; Salem Chouaib; Divaker Choubey; Vinay Choubey; Kuan-Chih Chow; Kamal Chowdhury; Charleen T Chu; Tsung-Hsien Chuang; Taehoon Chun; Hyewon Chung; Taijoon Chung; Yuen-Li Chung; Yong-Joon Chwae; Valentina Cianfanelli; Roberto Ciarcia; Iwona A Ciechomska; Maria Rosa Ciriolo; Mara Cirone; Sofie Claerhout; Michael J Clague; Joan Clària; Peter Gh Clarke; Robert Clarke; Emilio Clementi; Cédric Cleyrat; Miriam Cnop; Eliana M Coccia; Tiziana Cocco; Patrice Codogno; Jörn Coers; Ezra Ew Cohen; David Colecchia; Luisa Coletto; Núria S Coll; Emma Colucci-Guyon; Sergio Comincini; Maria Condello; Katherine L Cook; Graham H Coombs; Cynthia D Cooper; J Mark Cooper; Isabelle Coppens; Maria Tiziana Corasaniti; Marco Corazzari; Ramon Corbalan; Elisabeth Corcelle-Termeau; Mario D Cordero; Cristina Corral-Ramos; Olga Corti; Andrea Cossarizza; Paola Costelli; Safia Costes; Susan L Cotman; Ana Coto-Montes; Sandra Cottet; Eduardo Couve; Lori R Covey; L Ashley Cowart; Jeffery S Cox; Fraser P Coxon; Carolyn B Coyne; Mark S Cragg; Rolf J Craven; Tiziana Crepaldi; Jose L Crespo; Alfredo Criollo; Valeria Crippa; Maria Teresa Cruz; Ana Maria Cuervo; Jose M Cuezva; Taixing Cui; Pedro R Cutillas; Mark J Czaja; Maria F Czyzyk-Krzeska; Ruben K Dagda; Uta Dahmen; Chunsun Dai; Wenjie Dai; Yun Dai; Kevin N Dalby; Luisa Dalla Valle; Guillaume Dalmasso; Marcello D'Amelio; Markus Damme; Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud; Catherine Dargemont; Victor M Darley-Usmar; Srinivasan Dasarathy; Biplab Dasgupta; Srikanta Dash; Crispin R Dass; Hazel Marie Davey; Lester M Davids; David Dávila; Roger J Davis; Ted M Dawson; Valina L Dawson; Paula Daza; Jackie de Belleroche; Paul de Figueiredo; Regina Celia Bressan Queiroz de Figueiredo; José de la Fuente; Luisa De Martino; Antonella De Matteis; Guido Ry De Meyer; Angelo De Milito; Mauro De Santi; Wanderley de Souza; Vincenzo De Tata; Daniela De Zio; Jayanta Debnath; Reinhard Dechant; Jean-Paul Decuypere; Shane Deegan; Benjamin Dehay; Barbara Del Bello; Dominic P Del Re; Régis Delage-Mourroux; Lea Md Delbridge; Louise Deldicque; Elizabeth Delorme-Axford; Yizhen Deng; Joern Dengjel; Melanie Denizot; Paul Dent; Channing J Der; Vojo Deretic; Benoît Derrien; Eric Deutsch; Timothy P Devarenne; Rodney J Devenish; Sabrina Di Bartolomeo; Nicola Di Daniele; Fabio Di Domenico; Alessia Di Nardo; Simone Di Paola; Antonio Di Pietro; Livia Di Renzo; Aaron DiAntonio; Guillermo Díaz-Araya; Ines Díaz-Laviada; Maria T Diaz-Meco; Javier Diaz-Nido; Chad A Dickey; Robert C Dickson; Marc Diederich; Paul Digard; Ivan Dikic; Savithrama P Dinesh-Kumar; Chan Ding; Wen-Xing Ding; Zufeng Ding; Luciana Dini; Jörg Hw Distler; Abhinav Diwan; Mojgan Djavaheri-Mergny; Kostyantyn Dmytruk; Renwick Cj Dobson; Volker Doetsch; Karol Dokladny; Svetlana Dokudovskaya; Massimo Donadelli; X Charlie Dong; Xiaonan Dong; Zheng Dong; Terrence M Donohue; Kelly S Doran; Gabriella D'Orazi; Gerald W Dorn; Victor Dosenko; Sami Dridi; Liat Drucker; Jie Du; Li-Lin Du; Lihuan Du; André du Toit; Priyamvada Dua; Lei Duan; Pu Duann; Vikash Kumar Dubey; Michael R Duchen; Michel A Duchosal; Helene Duez; Isabelle Dugail; Verónica I Dumit; Mara C Duncan; Elaine A Dunlop; William A Dunn; Nicolas Dupont; Luc Dupuis; Raúl V Durán; Thomas M Durcan; Stéphane Duvezin-Caubet; Umamaheswar Duvvuri; Vinay Eapen; Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari; Arnaud Echard; Leopold Eckhart; Charles L Edelstein; Aimee L Edinger; Ludwig Eichinger; Tobias Eisenberg; Avital Eisenberg-Lerner; N Tony Eissa; Wafik S El-Deiry; Victoria El-Khoury; Zvulun Elazar; Hagit Eldar-Finkelman; Chris Jh Elliott; Enzo Emanuele; Urban Emmenegger; Nikolai Engedal; Anna-Mart Engelbrecht; Simone Engelender; Jorrit M Enserink; Ralf Erdmann; Jekaterina Erenpreisa; Rajaraman Eri; Jason L Eriksen; Andreja Erman; Ricardo Escalante; Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen; Lucile Espert; Lorena Esteban-Martínez; Thomas J Evans; Mario Fabri; Gemma Fabrias; Cinzia Fabrizi; Antonio Facchiano; Nils J Færgeman; Alberto Faggioni; W Douglas Fairlie; Chunhai Fan; Daping Fan; Jie Fan; Shengyun Fang; Manolis Fanto; Alessandro Fanzani; Thomas Farkas; Mathias Faure; Francois B Favier; Howard Fearnhead; Massimo Federici; Erkang Fei; Tania C Felizardo; Hua Feng; Yibin Feng; Yuchen Feng; Thomas A Ferguson; Álvaro F Fernández; Maite G Fernandez-Barrena; Jose C Fernandez-Checa; Arsenio Fernández-López; Martin E Fernandez-Zapico; Olivier Feron; Elisabetta Ferraro; Carmen Veríssima Ferreira-Halder; Laszlo Fesus; Ralph Feuer; Fabienne C Fiesel; Eduardo C Filippi-Chiela; Giuseppe Filomeni; Gian Maria Fimia; John H Fingert; Steven Finkbeiner; Toren Finkel; Filomena Fiorito; Paul B Fisher; Marc Flajolet; Flavio Flamigni; Oliver Florey; Salvatore Florio; R Andres Floto; Marco Folini; Carlo Follo; Edward A Fon; Francesco Fornai; Franco Fortunato; Alessandro Fraldi; Rodrigo Franco; Arnaud Francois; Aurélie François; Lisa B Frankel; Iain Dc Fraser; Norbert Frey; Damien G Freyssenet; Christian Frezza; Scott L Friedman; Daniel E Frigo; Dongxu Fu; José M Fuentes; Juan Fueyo; Yoshio Fujitani; Yuuki Fujiwara; Mikihiro Fujiya; Mitsunori Fukuda; Simone Fulda; Carmela Fusco; Bozena Gabryel; Matthias Gaestel; Philippe Gailly; Malgorzata Gajewska; Sehamuddin Galadari; Gad Galili; Inmaculada Galindo; Maria F Galindo; Giovanna Galliciotti; Lorenzo Galluzzi; Luca Galluzzi; Vincent Galy; Noor Gammoh; Sam Gandy; Anand K Ganesan; Swamynathan Ganesan; Ian G Ganley; Monique Gannagé; Fen-Biao Gao; Feng Gao; Jian-Xin Gao; Lorena García Nannig; Eleonora García Véscovi; Marina Garcia-Macía; Carmen Garcia-Ruiz; Abhishek D Garg; Pramod Kumar Garg; Ricardo Gargini; Nils Christian Gassen; Damián Gatica; Evelina Gatti; Julie Gavard; Evripidis Gavathiotis; Liang Ge; Pengfei Ge; Shengfang Ge; Po-Wu Gean; Vania Gelmetti; Armando A Genazzani; Jiefei Geng; Pascal Genschik; Lisa Gerner; Jason E Gestwicki; David A Gewirtz; Saeid Ghavami; Eric Ghigo; Debabrata Ghosh; Anna Maria Giammarioli; Francesca Giampieri; Claudia Giampietri; Alexandra Giatromanolaki; Derrick J Gibbings; Lara Gibellini; Spencer B Gibson; Vanessa Ginet; Antonio Giordano; Flaviano Giorgini; Elisa Giovannetti; Stephen E Girardin; Suzana Gispert; Sandy Giuliano; Candece L Gladson; Alvaro Glavic; Martin Gleave; Nelly Godefroy; Robert M Gogal; Kuppan Gokulan; Gustavo H Goldman; Delia Goletti; Michael S Goligorsky; Aldrin V Gomes; Ligia C Gomes; Hernando Gomez; Candelaria Gomez-Manzano; Rubén Gómez-Sánchez; Dawit Ap Gonçalves; Ebru Goncu; Qingqiu Gong; Céline Gongora; Carlos B Gonzalez; Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre; Pilar Gonzalez-Cabo; Rosa Ana González-Polo; Ing Swie Goping; Carlos Gorbea; Nikolai V Gorbunov; Daphne R Goring; Adrienne M Gorman; Sharon M Gorski; Sandro Goruppi; Shino Goto-Yamada; Cecilia Gotor; Roberta A Gottlieb; Illana Gozes; Devrim Gozuacik; Yacine Graba; Martin Graef; Giovanna E Granato; Gary Dean Grant; Steven Grant; Giovanni Luca Gravina; Douglas R Green; Alexander Greenhough; Michael T Greenwood; Benedetto Grimaldi; Frédéric Gros; Charles Grose; Jean-Francois Groulx; Florian Gruber; Paolo Grumati; Tilman Grune; Jun-Lin Guan; Kun-Liang Guan; Barbara Guerra; Carlos Guillen; Kailash Gulshan; Jan Gunst; Chuanyong Guo; Lei Guo; Ming Guo; Wenjie Guo; Xu-Guang Guo; Andrea A Gust; Åsa B Gustafsson; Elaine Gutierrez; Maximiliano G Gutierrez; Ho-Shin Gwak; Albert Haas; James E Haber; Shinji Hadano; Monica Hagedorn; David R Hahn; Andrew J Halayko; Anne Hamacher-Brady; Kozo Hamada; Ahmed Hamai; Andrea Hamann; Maho Hamasaki; Isabelle Hamer; Qutayba Hamid; Ester M Hammond; Feng Han; Weidong Han; James T Handa; John A Hanover; Malene Hansen; Masaru Harada; Ljubica Harhaji-Trajkovic; J Wade Harper; Abdel Halim Harrath; Adrian L Harris; James Harris; Udo Hasler; Peter Hasselblatt; Kazuhisa Hasui; Robert G Hawley; Teresa S Hawley; Congcong He; Cynthia Y He; Fengtian He; Gu He; Rong-Rong He; Xian-Hui He; You-Wen He; Yu-Ying He; Joan K Heath; Marie-Josée Hébert; Robert A Heinzen; Gudmundur Vignir Helgason; Michael Hensel; Elizabeth P Henske; Chengtao Her; Paul K Herman; Agustín Hernández; Carlos Hernandez; Sonia Hernández-Tiedra; Claudio Hetz; P Robin Hiesinger; Katsumi Higaki; Sabine Hilfiker; Bradford G Hill; Joseph A Hill; William D Hill; Keisuke Hino; Daniel Hofius; Paul Hofman; Günter U Höglinger; Jörg Höhfeld; Marina K Holz; Yonggeun Hong; David A Hood; Jeroen Jm Hoozemans; Thorsten Hoppe; Chin Hsu; Chin-Yuan Hsu; Li-Chung Hsu; Dong Hu; Guochang Hu; Hong-Ming Hu; Hongbo Hu; Ming Chang Hu; Yu-Chen Hu; Zhuo-Wei Hu; Fang Hua; Ya Hua; Canhua Huang; Huey-Lan Huang; Kuo-How Huang; Kuo-Yang Huang; Shile Huang; Shiqian Huang; Wei-Pang Huang; Yi-Ran Huang; Yong Huang; Yunfei Huang; Tobias B Huber; Patricia Huebbe; Won-Ki Huh; Juha J Hulmi; Gang Min Hur; James H Hurley; Zvenyslava Husak; Sabah Na Hussain; Salik Hussain; Jung Jin Hwang; Seungmin Hwang; Thomas Is Hwang; Atsuhiro Ichihara; Yuzuru Imai; Carol Imbriano; Megumi Inomata; Takeshi Into; Valentina Iovane; Juan L Iovanna; Renato V Iozzo; Nancy Y Ip; Javier E Irazoqui; Pablo Iribarren; Yoshitaka Isaka; Aleksandra J Isakovic; Harry Ischiropoulos; Jeffrey S Isenberg; Mohammad Ishaq; Hiroyuki Ishida; Isao Ishii; Jane E Ishmael; Ciro Isidoro; Ken-Ichi Isobe; Erika Isono; Shohreh Issazadeh-Navikas; Koji Itahana; Eisuke Itakura; Andrei I Ivanov; Anand Krishnan V Iyer; José M Izquierdo; Yotaro Izumi; Valentina Izzo; Marja Jäättelä; Nadia Jaber; Daniel John Jackson; William T Jackson; Tony George Jacob; Thomas S Jacques; Chinnaswamy Jagannath; Ashish Jain; Nihar Ranjan Jana; Byoung Kuk Jang; Alkesh Jani; Bassam Janji; Paulo Roberto Jannig; Patric J Jansson; Steve Jean; Marina Jendrach; Ju-Hong Jeon; Niels Jessen; Eui-Bae Jeung; Kailiang Jia; Lijun Jia; Hong Jiang; Hongchi Jiang; Liwen Jiang; Teng Jiang; Xiaoyan Jiang; Xuejun Jiang; Xuejun Jiang; Ying Jiang; Yongjun Jiang; Alberto Jiménez; Cheng Jin; Hongchuan Jin; Lei Jin; Meiyan Jin; Shengkan Jin; Umesh Kumar Jinwal; Eun-Kyeong Jo; Terje Johansen; Daniel E Johnson; Gail Vw Johnson; James D Johnson; Eric Jonasch; Chris Jones; Leo Ab Joosten; Joaquin Jordan; Anna-Maria Joseph; Bertrand Joseph; Annie M Joubert; Dianwen Ju; Jingfang Ju; Hsueh-Fen Juan; Katrin Juenemann; Gábor Juhász; Hye Seung Jung; Jae U Jung; Yong-Keun Jung; Heinz Jungbluth; Matthew J Justice; Barry Jutten; Nadeem O Kaakoush; Kai Kaarniranta; Allen Kaasik; Tomohiro Kabuta; Bertrand Kaeffer; Katarina Kågedal; Alon Kahana; Shingo Kajimura; Or Kakhlon; Manjula Kalia; Dhan V Kalvakolanu; Yoshiaki Kamada; Konstantinos Kambas; Vitaliy O Kaminskyy; Harm H Kampinga; Mustapha Kandouz; Chanhee Kang; Rui Kang; Tae-Cheon Kang; Tomotake Kanki; Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti; Haruo Kanno; Anumantha G Kanthasamy; Marc Kantorow; Maria Kaparakis-Liaskos; Orsolya Kapuy; Vassiliki Karantza; Md Razaul Karim; Parimal Karmakar; Arthur Kaser; Susmita Kaushik; Thomas Kawula; A Murat Kaynar; Po-Yuan Ke; Zun-Ji Ke; John H Kehrl; Kate E Keller; Jongsook Kim Kemper; Anne K Kenworthy; Oliver Kepp; Andreas Kern; Santosh Kesari; David Kessel; Robin Ketteler; Isis do Carmo Kettelhut; Bilon Khambu; Muzamil Majid Khan; Vinoth Km Khandelwal; Sangeeta Khare; Juliann G Kiang; Amy A Kiger; Akio Kihara; Arianna L Kim; Cheol Hyeon Kim; Deok Ryong Kim; Do-Hyung Kim; Eung Kweon Kim; Hye Young Kim; Hyung-Ryong Kim; Jae-Sung Kim; Jeong Hun Kim; Jin Cheon Kim; Jin Hyoung Kim; Kwang Woon Kim; Michael D Kim; Moon-Moo Kim; Peter K Kim; Seong Who Kim; Soo-Youl Kim; Yong-Sun Kim; Yonghyun Kim; Adi Kimchi; Alec C Kimmelman; Tomonori Kimura; Jason S King; Karla Kirkegaard; Vladimir Kirkin; Lorrie A Kirshenbaum; Shuji Kishi; Yasuo Kitajima; Katsuhiko Kitamoto; Yasushi Kitaoka; Kaio Kitazato; Rudolf A Kley; Walter T Klimecki; Michael Klinkenberg; Jochen Klucken; Helene Knævelsrud; Erwin Knecht; Laura Knuppertz; Jiunn-Liang Ko; Satoru Kobayashi; Jan C Koch; Christelle Koechlin-Ramonatxo; Ulrich Koenig; Young Ho Koh; Katja Köhler; Sepp D Kohlwein; Masato Koike; Masaaki Komatsu; Eiki Kominami; Dexin Kong; Hee Jeong Kong; Eumorphia G Konstantakou; Benjamin T Kopp; Tamas Korcsmaros; Laura Korhonen; Viktor I Korolchuk; Nadya V Koshkina; Yanjun Kou; Michael I Koukourakis; Constantinos Koumenis; Attila L Kovács; Tibor Kovács; Werner J Kovacs; Daisuke Koya; Claudine Kraft; Dimitri Krainc; Helmut Kramer; Tamara Kravic-Stevovic; Wilhelm Krek; Carole Kretz-Remy; Roswitha Krick; Malathi Krishnamurthy; Janos Kriston-Vizi; Guido Kroemer; Michael C Kruer; Rejko Kruger; Nicholas T Ktistakis; Kazuyuki Kuchitsu; Christian Kuhn; Addanki Pratap Kumar; Anuj Kumar; Ashok Kumar; Deepak Kumar; Dhiraj Kumar; Rakesh Kumar; Sharad Kumar; Mondira Kundu; Hsing-Jien Kung; Atsushi Kuno; Sheng-Han Kuo; Jeff Kuret; Tino Kurz; Terry Kwok; Taeg Kyu Kwon; Yong Tae Kwon; Irene Kyrmizi; Albert R La Spada; Frank Lafont; Tim Lahm; Aparna Lakkaraju; Truong Lam; Trond Lamark; Steve Lancel; Terry H Landowski; Darius J R Lane; Jon D Lane; Cinzia Lanzi; Pierre Lapaquette; Louis R Lapierre; Jocelyn Laporte; Johanna Laukkarinen; Gordon W Laurie; Sergio Lavandero; Lena Lavie; Matthew J LaVoie; Betty Yuen Kwan Law; Helen Ka-Wai Law; Kelsey B Law; Robert Layfield; Pedro A Lazo; Laurent Le Cam; Karine G Le Roch; Hervé Le Stunff; Vijittra Leardkamolkarn; Marc Lecuit; Byung-Hoon Lee; Che-Hsin Lee; Erinna F Lee; Gyun Min Lee; He-Jin Lee; Hsinyu Lee; Jae Keun Lee; Jongdae Lee; Ju-Hyun Lee; Jun Hee Lee; Michael Lee; Myung-Shik Lee; Patty J Lee; Sam W Lee; Seung-Jae Lee; Shiow-Ju Lee; Stella Y Lee; Sug Hyung Lee; Sung Sik Lee; Sung-Joon Lee; Sunhee Lee; Ying-Ray Lee; Yong J Lee; Young H Lee; Christiaan Leeuwenburgh; Sylvain Lefort; Renaud Legouis; Jinzhi Lei; Qun-Ying Lei; David A Leib; Gil Leibowitz; Istvan Lekli; Stéphane D Lemaire; John J Lemasters; Marius K Lemberg; Antoinette Lemoine; Shuilong Leng; Guido Lenz; Paola Lenzi; Lilach O Lerman; Daniele Lettieri Barbato; Julia I-Ju Leu; Hing Y Leung; Beth Levine; Patrick A Lewis; Frank Lezoualc'h; Chi Li; Faqiang Li; Feng-Jun Li; Jun Li; Ke Li; Lian Li; Min Li; Min Li; Qiang Li; Rui Li; Sheng Li; Wei Li; Wei Li; Xiaotao Li; Yumin Li; Jiqin Lian; Chengyu Liang; Qiangrong Liang; Yulin Liao; Joana Liberal; Pawel P Liberski; Pearl Lie; Andrew P Lieberman; Hyunjung Jade Lim; Kah-Leong Lim; Kyu Lim; Raquel T Lima; Chang-Shen Lin; Chiou-Feng Lin; Fang Lin; Fangming Lin; Fu-Cheng Lin; Kui Lin; Kwang-Huei Lin; Pei-Hui Lin; Tianwei Lin; Wan-Wan Lin; Yee-Shin Lin; Yong Lin; Rafael Linden; Dan Lindholm; Lisa M Lindqvist; Paul Lingor; Andreas Linkermann; Lance A Liotta; Marta M Lipinski; Vitor A Lira; Michael P Lisanti; Paloma B Liton; Bo Liu; Chong Liu; Chun-Feng Liu; Fei Liu; Hung-Jen Liu; Jianxun Liu; Jing-Jing Liu; Jing-Lan Liu; Ke Liu; Leyuan Liu; Liang Liu; Quentin Liu; Rong-Yu Liu; Shiming Liu; Shuwen Liu; Wei Liu; Xian-De Liu; Xiangguo Liu; Xiao-Hong Liu; Xinfeng Liu; Xu Liu; Xueqin Liu; Yang Liu; Yule Liu; Zexian Liu; Zhe Liu; Juan P Liuzzi; Gérard Lizard; Mila Ljujic; Irfan J Lodhi; Susan E Logue; Bal L Lokeshwar; Yun Chau Long; Sagar Lonial; Benjamin Loos; Carlos López-Otín; Cristina López-Vicario; Mar Lorente; Philip L Lorenzi; Péter Lõrincz; Marek Los; Michael T Lotze; Penny E Lovat; Binfeng Lu; Bo Lu; Jiahong Lu; Qing Lu; She-Min Lu; Shuyan Lu; Yingying Lu; Frédéric Luciano; Shirley Luckhart; John Milton Lucocq; Paula Ludovico; Aurelia Lugea; Nicholas W Lukacs; Julian J Lum; Anders H Lund; Honglin Luo; Jia Luo; Shouqing Luo; Claudio Luparello; Timothy Lyons; Jianjie Ma; Yi Ma; Yong Ma; Zhenyi Ma; Juliano Machado; Glaucia M Machado-Santelli; Fernando Macian; Gustavo C MacIntosh; Jeffrey P MacKeigan; Kay F Macleod; John D MacMicking; Lee Ann MacMillan-Crow; Frank Madeo; Muniswamy Madesh; Julio Madrigal-Matute; Akiko Maeda; Tatsuya Maeda; Gustavo Maegawa; Emilia Maellaro; Hannelore Maes; Marta Magariños; Kenneth Maiese; Tapas K Maiti; Luigi Maiuri; Maria Chiara Maiuri; Carl G Maki; Roland Malli; Walter Malorni; Alina Maloyan; Fathia Mami-Chouaib; Na Man; Joseph D Mancias; Eva-Maria Mandelkow; Michael A Mandell; Angelo A Manfredi; Serge N Manié; Claudia Manzoni; Kai Mao; Zixu Mao; Zong-Wan Mao; Philippe Marambaud; Anna Maria Marconi; Zvonimir Marelja; Gabriella Marfe; Marta Margeta; Eva Margittai; Muriel Mari; Francesca V Mariani; Concepcio Marin; Sara Marinelli; Guillermo Mariño; Ivanka Markovic; Rebecca Marquez; Alberto M Martelli; Sascha Martens; Katie R Martin; Seamus J Martin; Shaun Martin; Miguel A Martin-Acebes; Paloma Martín-Sanz; Camille Martinand-Mari; Wim Martinet; Jennifer Martinez; Nuria Martinez-Lopez; Ubaldo Martinez-Outschoorn; Moisés Martínez-Velázquez; Marta Martinez-Vicente; Waleska Kerllen Martins; Hirosato Mashima; James A Mastrianni; Giuseppe Matarese; Paola Matarrese; Roberto Mateo; Satoaki Matoba; Naomichi Matsumoto; Takehiko Matsushita; Akira Matsuura; Takeshi Matsuzawa; Mark P Mattson; Soledad Matus; Norma Maugeri; Caroline Mauvezin; Andreas Mayer; Dusica Maysinger; Guillermo D Mazzolini; Mary Kate McBrayer; Kimberly McCall; Craig McCormick; Gerald M McInerney; Skye C McIver; Sharon McKenna; John J McMahon; Iain A McNeish; Fatima Mechta-Grigoriou; Jan Paul Medema; Diego L Medina; Klara Megyeri; Maryam Mehrpour; Jawahar L Mehta; Yide Mei; Ute-Christiane Meier; Alfred J Meijer; Alicia Meléndez; Gerry Melino; Sonia Melino; Edesio Jose Tenorio de Melo; Maria A Mena; Marc D Meneghini; Javier A Menendez; Regina Menezes; Liesu Meng; Ling-Hua Meng; Songshu Meng; 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Kuen-Jer Tsai; Mario P Tschan; Yi-Hsin Tseng; Takayuki Tsukuba; Allan Tsung; Andrey S Tsvetkov; Shuiping Tu; Hsing-Yu Tuan; Marco Tucci; David A Tumbarello; Boris Turk; Vito Turk; Robin Fb Turner; Anders A Tveita; Suresh C Tyagi; Makoto Ubukata; Yasuo Uchiyama; Andrej Udelnow; Takashi Ueno; Midori Umekawa; Rika Umemiya-Shirafuji; Benjamin R Underwood; Christian Ungermann; Rodrigo P Ureshino; Ryo Ushioda; Vladimir N Uversky; Néstor L Uzcátegui; Thomas Vaccari; Maria I Vaccaro; Libuše Váchová; Helin Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg; Rut Valdor; Enza Maria Valente; Francois Vallette; Angela M Valverde; Greet Van den Berghe; Ludo Van Den Bosch; Gijs R van den Brink; F Gisou van der Goot; Ida J van der Klei; Luc Jw van der Laan; Wouter G van Doorn; Marjolein van Egmond; Kenneth L van Golen; Luc Van Kaer; Menno van Lookeren Campagne; Peter Vandenabeele; Wim Vandenberghe; Ilse Vanhorebeek; Isabel Varela-Nieto; M Helena Vasconcelos; Radovan Vasko; Demetrios G Vavvas; Ignacio Vega-Naredo; Guillermo Velasco; 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Xian Wang; Xiao-Jia Wang; Xiao-Wei Wang; Xin Wang; Xuejun Wang; Yan Wang; Yanming Wang; Ying Wang; Ying-Jan Wang; Yipeng Wang; Yu Wang; Yu Tian Wang; Yuqing Wang; Zhi-Nong Wang; Pablo Wappner; Carl Ward; Diane McVey Ward; Gary Warnes; Hirotaka Watada; Yoshihisa Watanabe; Kei Watase; Timothy E Weaver; Colin D Weekes; Jiwu Wei; Thomas Weide; Conrad C Weihl; Günther Weindl; Simone Nardin Weis; Longping Wen; Xin Wen; Yunfei Wen; Benedikt Westermann; Cornelia M Weyand; Anthony R White; Eileen White; J Lindsay Whitton; Alexander J Whitworth; Joëlle Wiels; Franziska Wild; Manon E Wildenberg; Tom Wileman; Deepti Srinivas Wilkinson; Simon Wilkinson; Dieter Willbold; Chris Williams; Katherine Williams; Peter R Williamson; Konstanze F Winklhofer; Steven S Witkin; Stephanie E Wohlgemuth; Thomas Wollert; Ernst J Wolvetang; Esther Wong; G William Wong; Richard W Wong; Vincent Kam Wai Wong; Elizabeth A Woodcock; Karen L Wright; Chunlai Wu; Defeng Wu; Gen Sheng Wu; Jian Wu; Junfang Wu; Mian Wu; Min Wu; 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Ken-Ichi Yoshida; Tamotsu Yoshimori; Ken H Young; Huixin Yu; Jane J Yu; Jin-Tai Yu; Jun Yu; Li Yu; W Haung Yu; Xiao-Fang Yu; Zhengping Yu; Junying Yuan; Zhi-Min Yuan; Beatrice Yjt Yue; Jianbo Yue; Zhenyu Yue; David N Zacks; Eldad Zacksenhaus; Nadia Zaffaroni; Tania Zaglia; Zahra Zakeri; Vincent Zecchini; Jinsheng Zeng; Min Zeng; Qi Zeng; Antonis S Zervos; Donna D Zhang; Fan Zhang; Guo Zhang; Guo-Chang Zhang; Hao Zhang; Hong Zhang; Hong Zhang; Hongbing Zhang; Jian Zhang; Jian Zhang; Jiangwei Zhang; Jianhua Zhang; Jing-Pu Zhang; Li Zhang; Lin Zhang; Lin Zhang; Long Zhang; Ming-Yong Zhang; Xiangnan Zhang; Xu Dong Zhang; Yan Zhang; Yang Zhang; Yanjin Zhang; Yingmei Zhang; Yunjiao Zhang; Mei Zhao; Wei-Li Zhao; Xiaonan Zhao; Yan G Zhao; Ying Zhao; Yongchao Zhao; Yu-Xia Zhao; Zhendong Zhao; Zhizhuang J Zhao; Dexian Zheng; Xi-Long Zheng; Xiaoxiang Zheng; Boris Zhivotovsky; Qing Zhong; Guang-Zhou Zhou; Guofei Zhou; Huiping Zhou; Shu-Feng Zhou; Xu-Jie Zhou; Hongxin Zhu; Hua Zhu; Wei-Guo Zhu; Wenhua Zhu; Xiao-Feng Zhu; Yuhua Zhu; Shi-Mei Zhuang; Xiaohong Zhuang; Elio Ziparo; Christos E Zois; Teresa Zoladek; Wei-Xing Zong; Antonio Zorzano; Susu M Zughaier
Journal: Autophagy Date: 2016 Impact factor: 16.016

10. Accumulation of autophagosomes confers cytotoxicity.

Authors: Robert W Button; Sheridan L Roberts; Thea L Willis; C Oliver Hanemann; Shouqing Luo
Journal: J Biol Chem Date: 2017-07-03 Impact factor: 5.157

10 in total

1 in total

1. Synergistic Adverse Effects of Azithromycin and Hydroxychloroquine on Human Cardiomyocytes at a Clinically Relevant Treatment Duration.

Authors: Wener Li; Xiaojing Luo; Mareike S Poetsch; Reinhard Oertel; Kapil Nichani; Martin Schneider; Anna Strano; Marcel Hasse; Robert-Patrick Steiner; Lukas Cyganek; Karina Hettwer; Steffen Uhlig; Kirsten Simon; Kaomei Guan; Mario Schubert
Journal: Pharmaceuticals (Basel) Date: 2022-02-12

1 in total