Xiang Qi1, Zheng Zhu2, Brenda L Plassman3, Bei Wu4. 1. Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, USA. 2. School of Nursing, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Fudan University Centre for Evidence-based Nursing: A Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence, Shanghai, China. 3. Department of Psychiatry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. 4. Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, USA; NYU Aging Incubator, New York University, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: bei.wu@nyu.edu.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To quantify the dose-response associations between tooth loss and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. DESIGN: Longitudinal studies that examined the association between tooth loss and cognitive function were systematically searched on 6 databases through March 1, 2020. The study adhered to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines. Risk estimates were pooled using random-effects models. The dose-response associations were assessed using generalized least squares spline models. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Adults from community, institution, outpatient or in-hospital were included in the meta-analysis. MEASURES: Cognitive impairment and dementia were defined by neuropsychological tests, diagnostic criteria, or medical records. Tooth loss was self-reported or assessed by clinical examinations. RESULTS: Fourteen studies were entered into the meta-analysis, including 34,074 participants and 4689 cases with diminished cognitive function. Participants with more tooth loss had a 1.48 times higher risk of developing cognitive impairment [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18-1.87] and 1.28 times higher risk of being diagnosed with dementia (95% CI 1.09-1.49); however, the association was nonsignificant for participants using dentures (relative risk = 1.10, 95% CI 0.90-1.11). Eight studies were included in the dose-response analysis, and data supported the use of linear models. Each additional tooth loss was associated with a 0.014 increased relative risk of cognitive impairment and 0.011 elevated relative risks of dementia. Edentulous participants faced a 1.54 times higher risk of cognitive impairment and a 1.40 times higher risk of being diagnosed with dementia. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Moderate-quality evidence suggested tooth loss was independently associated with cognitive impairment and dementia; risk of diminished cognitive function increased with incremental numbers of teeth lost. Furthermore, timely prosthodontic treatment with dentures may reduce the progression of cognitive decline related to tooth loss.
OBJECTIVES: To quantify the dose-response associations between tooth loss and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. DESIGN: Longitudinal studies that examined the association between tooth loss and cognitive function were systematically searched on 6 databases through March 1, 2020. The study adhered to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines. Risk estimates were pooled using random-effects models. The dose-response associations were assessed using generalized least squares spline models. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Adults from community, institution, outpatient or in-hospital were included in the meta-analysis. MEASURES: Cognitive impairment and dementia were defined by neuropsychological tests, diagnostic criteria, or medical records. Tooth loss was self-reported or assessed by clinical examinations. RESULTS: Fourteen studies were entered into the meta-analysis, including 34,074 participants and 4689 cases with diminished cognitive function. Participants with more tooth loss had a 1.48 times higher risk of developing cognitive impairment [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18-1.87] and 1.28 times higher risk of being diagnosed with dementia (95% CI 1.09-1.49); however, the association was nonsignificant for participants using dentures (relative risk = 1.10, 95% CI 0.90-1.11). Eight studies were included in the dose-response analysis, and data supported the use of linear models. Each additional tooth loss was associated with a 0.014 increased relative risk of cognitive impairment and 0.011 elevated relative risks of dementia. Edentulous participants faced a 1.54 times higher risk of cognitive impairment and a 1.40 times higher risk of being diagnosed with dementia. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Moderate-quality evidence suggested tooth loss was independently associated with cognitive impairment and dementia; risk of diminished cognitive function increased with incremental numbers of teeth lost. Furthermore, timely prosthodontic treatment with dentures may reduce the progression of cognitive decline related to tooth loss.
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