Real-time reports of drinking to cope: Associations with subjective relief from alcohol and changes in negative affect.

Many individuals report drinking alcohol to cope or relieve negative affective states, but existing evidence is inconsistent regarding whether individuals experience negatively reinforcing effects after drinking to cope (DTC). We used ecological momentary assessment to examine the effects of DTC during daily-life drinking episodes in a sample of current drinkers (N = 110; 52 individuals with borderline personality disorder and 58 community individuals). Multilevel models were used to test whether momentary and episode-level endorsement of DTC-depression and DTC-anxiety motives would be related to increased subjective drinking-contingent relief and decreased depression and anxiety during drinking episodes. Momentary DTC-anxiety predicted greater subsequent drinking-contingent relief, and greater episode-level DTC-anxiety and DTC-depression predicted greater drinking-contingent relief during the episode. However, we did not find decreased depression and anxiety following endorsement of DTC-depression and DTC-anxiety. Instead, we found that greater episode-level DTC-depression was associated with increased depression. Thus, findings suggest that individuals' negative affective states may not improve during DTC despite endorsing drinking-contingent relief. This discrepancy warrants further attention because subjective relief likely reinforces DTC, whereas awareness of one's change (or lack of change) in affect may provide valuable counterevidence for whether alcohol use is an effective coping strategy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).