Adjunctive strategies to enhance peripheral warming: clinical techniques.

This study investigates common successful strategies to increase peripheral temperature with biofeedback. Eighteen BCIA-certified therapists (average years of practice, 7.5) were interviewed by telephone for 30 to 45 minutes regarding successful peripheral warming strategies. The practitioners reported using multiple teaching strategies, either concurrently or sequentially. These responses were organized into an interrelated four-category model that consists of the following: (1) Attentional Category--shifting from active to passive attention; (2) General Arousal Category--shifting from hyper- to hypoarousal; (3) Proprioceptive/Kinesthetic Awareness Category--shifting from decreased to increased body awareness; (4) Self-Image/Self-Esteem Category--shifting from negative to positive self-image/self-esteem. These four categories and their corresponding techniques can be used to facilitate peripheral warming.