ARP2/3 Phosphorylation Assay in the Presence of Recombinant Bacterial Effectors.

The Actin-Related Protein 2/3 (ARP2/3) complex is an actin nucleator that generates a branched actin network in mammalian cells. In addition to binding nucleation promoting factors, LeClaire et al. demonstrated that its phosphorylation state is essential key for its activity ( LeClaire et al., 2008 ). In cells, the ARP2/3 complex is phosphorylated on threonine and tyrosine residues of the ARP2, ARP3, and ARPC1 subunits ( Vadlamudi et al., 2004 ; LeClaire et al., 2008 ; Narayanan et al., 2011 ; LeClaire et al., 2015 ). In particular, phosphorylation of threonine 237 and 238 of the ARP2 subunit is necessary to allow a change in the ARP2/3 complex structure to its active conformation ( Narayanan et al., 2011 ; LeClaire et al., 2015 ). While important for many functions in eukaryotic cells, ARP2/3 complex activity also benefits several cellular pathogens (Haglund and Welch, 2011; Welch and Way, 2013). Recently, we demonstrated that the bacterial pathogen, Legionella pneumophila, manipulates ARP2/3 complex phosphorylation state using a bacterial protein kinase injected in host cell cytoplasm ( Michard et al., 2015 ). Here, we describe how to test the ability of a bacterial protein kinase or another protein kinase to phosphorylate the ARP2/3 complex in an in vitro context. First, the ARP2/3 complex and the bacterial protein kinase are produced and purified. Then, the purified proteins are incubated in the presence of ATP, and the ARP2/3 phosphorylation level is analyzed by Western blot.