Literature DB >> 34521188

[Peripheral Blood Inflammation Indicators as Predictive Indicators in 
Immunotherapy of Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer].

Jingwei Xia1, Yuzhong Chen1, Shaodi Wen1, Xiaoyue Du1, Bo Shen1.   

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death, of which non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have now become one of the main treatments for advanced NSCLC. This paper retrospectively investigated the effect of peripheral blood inflammatory indexes on the efficacy of immunotherapy and survival of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer, in order to find strategies to guide immunotherapy in NSCLC.
METHODS: Patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer who were hospitalized in The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from October 2018 to August 2019 were selected to receive anti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab, sintilimab or toripalimab) monotherapy or combination regimens. And were followed up until 10 December 2020, and the efficacy was evaluated according to RECIST1.1 criteria. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were followed up for survival analysis. A clinical prediction model was constructed to analyze the predictive value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) based on NLR data at three different time points: before treatment, 6 weeks after treatment and 12 weeks after treatment (0w, 6w and 12w), and the accuracy of the model was verified.
RESULTS: 173 patients were finally included, all of whom received the above treatment regimen, were followed up for a median of 19.7 months. The objective response rate (ORR) was 27.7% (48/173), the disease control rate (DCR) was 89.6% (155/173), the median PFS was 8.3 months (7.491-9.109) and the median OS was 15.5 months (14.087-16.913). The chi-square test and logistic multi-factor analysis showed that NLR6w was associated with ORR and NLR12w was associated with ORR and DCR. Further Cox regression analysis showed that NLR6w and NLR12w affected PFS and NLR0w, NLR6w and NLR12w were associated with OS.
CONCLUSIONS: In patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer, NLR values at different time points are valid predictors of response to immunotherapy, and NLR <3 is often associated with a good prognosis.

Entities:  

Keywords:  Immune checkpoint inhibitors; Lung neoolasms; Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; Nomogram

Mesh:

Substances:

Year:  2021        PMID: 34521188      PMCID: PMC8503984          DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2021.103.10

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi        ISSN: 1009-3419


根据国际癌症研究机构编制的GLOBOCAN的2020年最新数据统计,肺癌仍是全球癌症相关死亡的首位病因,每年有18%的肺癌患者死亡,而非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)发病率约占所有肺癌患者的80%-85%,且大多数患者诊断时已是晚期,晚期患者的5年生存率更是仅为19%[。目前以程序性死亡受体1(programmed cell death 1, PD-1)/程序性死亡配体1(programmed cell death-ligand 1, PD-L1)免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors, ICIs)为代表的免疫治疗对NSCLC患者具有显著的疗效。KEYNOTE-001研究[报道的一线接受Pembrolizumab治疗的晚期NSCLC患者5年总生存率为23.2%。ICIs单药或联合治疗已成为驱动基因阴性晚期NSCLC患者的一线标准治疗。然而免疫治疗可能带来严重的免疫相关不良反应,因此,准确有效的生物标志物对于确定免疫治疗是否能够获益十分关键。目前,PD-L1和肿瘤突变负荷(tumor mutation burden, TMB)仍然是预测NSCLC免疫治疗疗效的最常见的生物标志物,还有许多潜在的预测性生物标志物,包括微生物组、肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞、基因标志、多组学等[。但是这类生物标志物检测方法较为复杂、费用昂贵、耗时久,这限制了它们的临床应用。因此需要可以简易获取的生物标志物来选择免疫治疗的潜在受益人群。 近年来,炎症反应在肿瘤微环境中的重要作用逐渐被发现,肿瘤微环境中炎症因子在肿瘤的发生、发展、侵袭和转移中起重要作用,如白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6, IL-6),肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)和转化生长因子-β(transforming growth factor-β, TGF-β)等[。在诸多炎症指标中,中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, NLR)、血小板与淋巴细胞比值(platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, PLR)被证实与恶性肿瘤有明显的相关性,可为预后提供重要的信息[。然而基线值以及治疗后不同时期数值的临床意义仍有争议,因此,我们进行了一项回顾性研究,分析外周血炎症标志物对晚期NSCLC患者免疫治疗疗效和生存预后的预测价值。具体包括:中性粒细胞计数(absolute neutrophil counts, ANC)、淋巴细胞计数(absolute lymphocyte counts, ALC)、血小板计数(platelet count, PLT)、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, NLR)及血小板与淋巴细胞比值(platelet-lymphocyte ratio, PLR)。

资料与方法

临床资料

回顾性分析2018年10月-2019年8月于中国南京医科大学附属肿瘤医院接受抗PD-1治疗(Pembrolizumab、Sintilimab或Toripalimab)的173例晚期NSCLC患者。所有患者均符合以下标准:入组标准:①病理学明确诊断为NSCLC;②初诊时临床分期为不可手术Ⅲ期或Ⅳ期;③接受过抗PD-1免疫治疗(单药或联合方案);④病历资料完整,存在可评估疗效的影像学资料。排除标准:①1个月内出现炎症性疾病或接受手术;②近期使用过类固醇药物;③治疗期间发生严重副反应,如骨髓抑制、肝功能受损等;④出现重度贫血、营养不良。 最终纳入符合标准患者173例,其中抗PD-1单药方案44例,联合化疗方案83例,联合抗血管生成药物方案18例,联合化疗和抗血管生成药物方案28例。 通过电子病历或电话随访收集患者的临床病理特征,包括治疗时的年龄、性别、病理类型、肿瘤原发灶-淋巴结-转移(tumor-node-metastasis, TNM)分期[、东部合作肿瘤小组评分(Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, ECOG)、驱动基因突变类型、吸烟史、治疗线数等。分别于治疗前、治疗后第6周和第12周(0 w、6 w、12 w)收集患者的血液学指标,包括ANC、ALC、PLT、NLR以及PLR。本研究由江苏省肿瘤医院机构评审委员会批准。

研究方法

治疗方案

具体治疗方案如下:单药方案患者每3周接受一次Pembrolizumab静脉注射固定剂量200 mg,Sintilimab静脉注射固定剂量200 mg,或Toripalimab静脉注射固定剂量240 mg。联合化疗为含铂双药化疗,其他药物根据肿瘤组织学确定,包括培美曲塞、多西紫杉醇、紫杉醇/白蛋白紫杉醇、吉西他滨。联合抗血管生成药物为贝伐珠单抗。其中存在一部分具有EGFR突变患者,其PD-1抑制剂免疫治疗的使用均为晚期后线治疗。

疗效评价及随访

通过电子病历以及电话随访获得数据,随访起止时间为2018年10月1日-2020年12月10日。治疗后每6周-8周进行一次全身电子计算机断层扫描(computed tomography, CT),根据实体瘤的评价标准(Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumour 1.1, RECIST1.1)标准评估患者对治疗的疗效,分为完全缓解(complete response, CR)、部分缓解(partial response, PR)、疾病稳定(stable disease, SD)和疾病进展(progressive disease, PD)。以客观缓解率(objective response rate, ORR)和疾病控制率(disease control rate, DCR)评价疗效,以无进展生存期(progression-free survival, PFS)和总生存期(overall survival, OS)评价生存率。ORR定义为CR和PR之和,DCR定义为CR、PR和SD之和。PFS定义为从初始治疗到临床或影像学进展或死亡的时间,OS定义为从初始治疗到最后一次随访或死亡的时间。

统计学方法

采用SPSS 25.0、GraphPad Prism 8.3.0以及R等统计学软件进行数据分析与绘图。根据本研究数据中位数结合既往研究及相关文献,NLR截断值取3,PLR截断值取160[。使用χ2检验及Logistic回归多因素分析确定影响DCR及ORR的显著变量。采用Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析,绘制OS及PFS曲线,并采用Log-rank检验对生存曲线进行组间比较。采用Cox比例风险模型确定PFS、OS的预后因素。基于Cox多因素分析结果,构建列线图,并使用自举重采样(bootstrap resampling)进行验证,利用一致性指数(c-index)以及校准曲线评估预测模型的准确性。运用单因素分析对预后因素初筛,变量筛选的检验水准设为α=0.10,即把单因素分析P < 0.10的因素纳入多因素回归分析。P < 0.05认为有统计学差异。

结果

基线资料

共173例患者纳入研究,6例患者2个周期治疗后因副反应明显、死亡或其他不明原因未能继续后续治疗,其余167例患者均完成4个周期及以上的治疗并有可评估疗效的影像学资料。中位年龄为64岁;男性134例(77.5%),女性39例;65.9%的患者为非鳞癌;79.8%的患者为Ⅳ期患者;97.7%患者ECOG评分为0分-1分,只有4例患者ECOG评分为2分;33例患者携带EGFR基因突变;62.4%的患者有吸烟史;初治患者67例(38.7%),复治患者106例(61.3%);其中接受过放疗的患者占45.7%;使用Pembrolizumab、Sintilimab和Toripalimab的患者数分别为75例(43.4%)、79例(45.7%)和19例(11.0%);25.4%(44/173)的患者接受单药方案,几乎一半患者(48.0%)接受ICIs联合化疗方案治疗,10.4%(18/173)患者接受ICIs联合抗血管生成药物方案,16.2%(28/173)患者接受ICIs联合化疗、抗血管生成药物方案治疗(表 1)。患者各阶段实验室检查结果详见表 2。
表 1

173例患者的临床特征

Clinical characteristics of 173 patients

Characteristics n Percent (%)
ECOG: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; ICIs: immune checkpoint inhibitors; TNM: tumor-node-metastasis.
Patients173
Age (yr)≥648549.1
< 648850.9
GenderMale13477.5
Female3922.5
HistologySquamous carcinoma5934.1
Non-squamous carcinoma11465.9
TNM stage3520.2
13879.8
ECOG PS0-116997.7
242.3
EGFR mutationYes3319.1
No14080.9
SmokingYes10862.4
No6537.6
Lines of treatment16738.7
≥210661.3
RadiotherapyYes7945.7
No9454.3
ICIsPembrolizumab7543.4
Sintilimab7945.7
Toripalimab1911.0
Option of treatmentICIs4425.4
ICIs+Chemotherapy8348.0
ICIs+Anti-angiogenic1810.4
ICIs+Chemotherapy+Anti-angiogenic2816.2
表 2

173例患者的实验室检查结果、治疗反应及生存

Laboratory tests and scores, response to treatment and survival of 173 patients

Laboratory tests and scoresDataPercent (%)
ANC: absolute neutrophil counts; ALC: absolute lymphocyte counts; PLT: platelet count; NLR: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; IQR: interquartile range; CR: complete response; PR: partial response; SD: stable disease; PD: progressive disease; NE: not evaluated; ORR: objective response rate; DCR: disease control rate; PFS: progression-free survival; OS: overall survival.
Before treatment
  ANC (×109/L) [Median (IQR)]4.130 (3.135-5.440)
  ALC (×109/L) [Median (IQR)]1.450 (1.045-1.795)
  PLT (×109/L) [Median (IQR)]221.0 (174.5-271.0)
  NLR≥37845.1
< 39554.9
  PLR≥1608348.0
< 1609052.0
6 weeks after treatment
  ANC (×109/L) [Median (IQR)]4.040 (2.905-5.635)
  ALC (×109/L) [Median (IQR)]1.340 (0.985-1.840)
  PLT (×109/L) [Median (IQR)]217.0 (173.0-281.5)
  NLR≥38146.8
< 39253.2
  PLR≥1608448.6
< 1608951.4
12 weeks after treatment
  ANC (×109/L) [Median (IQR)]3.890 (2.940-5.720)
  ALC (×109/L) [Median (IQR)]1.320 (0.920-1.780)
  PLT (×109/L) [Median (IQR)]206.0 (159.0-257.0)
  NLR≥37746.1
< 39053.9
  PLR≥1607243.1
< 1609556.9
Response and survival
  Best overall responseCR00
PR4827.7
SD10761.8
PD1810.4
NE00
  Response rateORR (%)4827.7
DCR (%)15589.6
  Survival timemPFS (mon), 95%CI8.37.491-9.109
mOS (mon), 95%CI15.514.087-16.913
173例患者的临床特征 Clinical characteristics of 173 patients 173例患者的实验室检查结果、治疗反应及生存 Laboratory tests and scores, response to treatment and survival of 173 patients

疗效评价

随访时间截至2020年12月10日,全组患者中位随访时间为19.70(14.88-24.52)个月。如表 2所示,173例患者中,无人达到CR,48例达到PR,107例达到SD,18例PD。ORR和DCR分别为27.7%(48/173)和89.6%(155/173)。 如表 3所示,通过χ2检验分析影响疗效的因素,结果显示年龄、吸烟、治疗线数、NLR12w影响DCR,年龄、NLR0w、NLR6w、NLR12w与ORR相关。随后的多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥64(OR=4.141, 95%CI: 1.304-13.146)和NLR12w < 3(OR=6.567, 95%CI: 1.392-30.975)与更高的DCR相关;年龄≥64(OR=2.175, 95%CI: 1.093-4.330),NLR6w < 3(OR=2.827, 95%CI: 1.369-5.838)和NLR12w < 3(OR=2.393, 95%CI: 1.178-4.860)与更高的ORR显著相关。
表 3

非小细胞肺癌患者疗效与临床因素的相关分析

Associations between response to treatment and clinical factors in patients with non-small cell lung cancer

ItemDisease control rateOverall response rate
n (%) P n (%) P
Age (yr)0.0100.025
  ≥6471/85 (83.5)17/85 (20.0)
   < 6484/88 (95.5)31/88 (35.2)
Gender0.2470.632
  Male122/134 (91.0)36/134 (26.9)
  Female33/39 (84.6)12/39 (30.8)
Histology0.5500.624
  Squamous carcinoma54/59 (91.5)15/59 (25.4)
  Non-squamous carcinoma101/114 (88.6)33/114 (28.9)
TNM stage0.3090.333
  Ⅲ33/35 (94.3)12/35 (34.3)
  Ⅳ122/138 (88.4)36/138 (26.1)
ECOG PS0.3330.210
  0-1152/169 (89.9)48/169 (28.4)
  23/4 (75.0)0/4 (0.0)
EGFR mutation0.1040.173
  Yes27/33 (81.8)6/33 (18.2)
  No128/140 (91.4)42/140 (30.0)
Smoking0.0960.164
  No55/65 (84.6)22/65 (33.8)
  Yes100/108 (92.6)26/108 (24.1)
Lines of treatment0.0420.401
  164/67 (95.5)
  ≥291/106 (85.8)
Radiotherapy0.1080.978
  Yes74/79 (93.7)
  No81/94 (86.1)
Option of treatment0.8090.638
  Monotherapy39/44 (88.6)
  Combination therapy116/129 (89.9)
Before treatment
  NLR0.9540.903
    ≥370/78 (89.7)
     < 385/95 (89.5)
  PLR0.8560.727
    ≥16074/83 (89.2)
     < 16081/90 (90.0)
6 weeks after treatment
  NLR0.1990.004
    ≥370/81 (86.4)
     < 385/92 (92.4)
  PLR0.1040.143
    ≥16072/84 (85.7)
     < 16083/89 (93.3)
12 weeks after treatment
  NLR0.0070.014
    ≥367/77 (87.0)
     < 388/90 (97.8)
  PLR0.2690.202
    ≥16065/72 (90.3)
     < 16090/95 (94.7)
非小细胞肺癌患者疗效与临床因素的相关分析 Associations between response to treatment and clinical factors in patients with non-small cell lung cancer

生存分析

总人群的中位PFS及OS分别为8.3个月(95%CI: 7.491-9.109)和15.5个月(95%CI: 14.087-16.913)。对PFS及OS分别进行单因素与多因素Cox回归分析,发现ECOG评分0-1组患者PFS较长(HR=0.196, 95%CI: 0.070-0.550, P=0.002),接受放疗可以降低患者的疾病进展风险(HR=0.602, 95%CI: 0.413-0.877, P=0.008),单药方案也显示出更好的控制疾病进展的能力(HR=0.489, 95%CI: 0.303-0.787, P=0.003),NLR6w≥3(HR=1.882, 95%CI: 1.296-2.732, P=0.001)和NLR12w≥3(HR=1.536, 95%CI: 1.048-2.251, P=0.028)组患者疾病进展风险较高;EGFR突变组(HR=1.956, 95%CI: 1.127-3.395, P=0.017),NLR0w≥3组(HR=1.700, 95%CI: 1.119-2.584, P=0.013),NLR6w≥3组(HR=1.719, 95%CI: 1.129-2.616, P=0.012)以及NLR12w≥3组(HR=2.015, 95%CI: 1.319-3.079, P=0.001)患者死亡风险更高,详见表 4、表 5。
表 4

非小细胞肺癌患者PFS单因素与多因素Cox回归分析

Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis of PFS in all patients with non-small cell lung cancer

Univariate analysisMultivariate analysis
HR (95%CI) P HR (95%CI) P
Age
≥64 vs < 640.822 (0.568-1.190)0.299//
Gender
  Male vs Female1.032 (0.658-1.618)0.892//
Histology
  Squamous carcinoma vs Non-squamous carcinoma1.180 (0.807-1.727)0.393//
TNM stage
  Ⅲ vs1.023 (0.647-1.616)0.923//
ECOG PS
  0-1 vs 20.196 (0.070-0.550)0.0020.247 (0.088-0.695)0.008
EGFR mutation
  Yes vs No1.252 (0.785-1.997)0.345//
Smoking
  Yes vs No0.881 (0.604-1.285)0.509//
Lines of treatment
  1 vs ≥21.390 (0.948-2.037)0.092
Radiotherapy
  Yes vs No0.602 (0.413-0.877)0.0080.644 (0.440-0.941)0.023
Option of treatment
  Monotherapy vs Combination therapy0.489 (0.303-0.787)0.0030.522 (0.323-0.844)0.008
Before treatment
  NLR
    ≥3 vs < 31.265 (0.872-1.835)0.216//
  PLR
    ≥160 vs < 1601.265 (0.876-1.827)0.210//
6 weeks after treatment
  NLR
    ≥3 vs < 31.881 (1.295-2.730)0.0011.936 (1.331-2.815)0.001
  PLR
    ≥160 vs < 1601.613 (1.116-2.332)0.011//
  ECOG PS
    0-1 vs 20.196 (0.070-0.550)0.0020.238 (0.084-0.673)0.007
  Radiotherapy
    Yes vs No0.602 (0.413-0.877)0.0080.619 (0.423-0.905)0.013
  Option of treatment
    Monotherapy vs Combination therapy0.489 (0.303-0.787)0.0030.527 (0.325-0.852)0.009
12 weeks after treatment
  NLR
    ≥3 vs < 31.563 (1.068-2.288)0.0221.616 (1.101-2.373)0.014
  PLR
    ≥160 vs < 1601.246 (0.853-1.819)0.256//
  ECOG PS
    0-1 vs 20.196 (0.070-0.550)0.0020.230 (0.081-0.656)0.006
  Radiotherapy
    Yes vs No0.602 (0.413-0.877)0.0080.617 (0.417-0.912)0.016
Option of treatment
  Monotherapy vs Combination therapy0.489 (0.303-0.787)0.0030.426 (0.252-0.722)0.002
表 5

非小细胞肺癌患者OS单因素与多因素Cox回归分析

Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis of OS in all patients with non-small cell lung cancer

Univariate analysisMultivariate analysis
HR (95%CI) P HR (95%CI) P
Age
  ≥64 vs < 640.749 (0.498-1.126)0.164//
Gender
  Male vs Female1.085 (0.823-1.430)0.564//
Histology
  Squamous carcinoma vs Non-squamous carcinoma1.189 (0.773-1.830)0.431//
TNM stage
  Ⅲ vs1.004 (0.611-1.648)0.989//
ECOG PS
  0-1 vs 21.148 (0.281-4.690)0.848//
EGFR mutation
  Yes vs No1.815 (1.052-3.132)0.0321.956 (1.127-3.395)0.017
Smoking
  Yes vs No0.917 (0.594-1.416)0.697//
Lines of treatment
  1 vs ≥21.520 (0.993-2.328)0.054//
Radiotherapy
  Yes vs No1.071 (0.713-1.607)0.742//
Option of treatment
  Monotherapy vs Combination therapy0.799 (0.491-1.299)0.365//
Before treatment
  NLR
    ≥3 vs < 31.622 (1.071-2.457)0.0221.700 (1.119-2.584)0.013
  PLR
    ≥160 vs < 1601.551 (1.026-2.343)0.037//
6 weeks after treatment
  NLR
    ≥3 vs < 31.711 (1.125-2.603)0.0121.719 (1.129-2.616)0.012
  PLR
    ≥160 vs < 1601.040 (0.688-1.571)0.853//
  EGFR mutation
    Yes vs No1.815 (1.052-3.132)0.0321.828 (1.057-3.158)0.031
12 weeks after treatment
  NLR
    ≥3 vs < 32.015 (1.319-3.079)0.0012.015 (1.319-3.079)0.001
  PLR
    ≥160 vs < 1601.114 (0.730-1.700)0.617//
  EGFR mutation
    Yes vs No1.815 (1.052-3.132)0.032//
非小细胞肺癌患者PFS单因素与多因素Cox回归分析 Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis of PFS in all patients with non-small cell lung cancer 非小细胞肺癌患者OS单因素与多因素Cox回归分析 Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis of OS in all patients with non-small cell lung cancer 根据Cox回归发现的影响预后的因素分组绘制相应的生存曲线图 1、图 2。发现NLR6w < 3的患者PFS显著长于NLR6w≥3的患者(P < 0.001),NLR12w < 3组的患者相较于NLR12w≥3组也同样有更长的PFS(10.8个月vs 7.3个月,P=0.02),接受放疗或者单药方案的患者的无进展生存期更长(P=0.007, 2, P=0.002, 5)。接受ICIs单药治疗的患者多为一线初治患者,这类患者往往有着更加良好的早期疗效。ECOG评分为2的患者无进展生存期较短(4.15个月vs 8.5个月,P < 0.001),仅有4例患者ECOG评分为2,样本量较少,可能对最终结果有所影响。在OS方面,不论检测时间,NLR < 3组均显示出OS的临床获益。无基因突变患者相较于有EGFR突变患者有更长的OS(15.7个月vs 15.3个月,P=0.035),这一结果也与目前大多数大型研究一致,显示出携带基因突变患者免疫治疗疗效的局限性。
图 1

PFS的Kaplan-Meier生存分析。A:用药6周后,按NLR分组的患者无进展生存期的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线;B:用药12周后,按NLR分组的患者无进展生存期的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线;C:按ECOG评分分组的患者无进展生存期的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线;D:按患者有无放疗分组的无进展生存期的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线;E:不同用药方案的无进展生存期的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线。

Kaplan-Meier survival analysis for PFS. A: Kaplan-Meier survival curves for progression-free survival in patients grouped by NLR after 6 weeks of dosing; B: Kaplan-Meier survival curves for progression-free survival in patients grouped by NLR after 12 weeks of dosing; C: Kaplan-Meier survival curves for progression-free survival in patients grouped by ECOG PS; D: Kaplan-Meier survival curves for progression-free survival in patients grouped by radiotherapy; E: Kaplan-Meier survival curves for progression-free survival in patients grouped by option of treatment.

图 2

OS的Kaplan-Meier生存分析。A:用药前,按NLR分组的患者总生存期的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线;B:用药6周后,按NLR分组的患者总生存期的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线;C:用药12周后,按NLR分组的患者总生存期的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线;D:按是否存在EGFR突变分组的患者总生存期的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线。

Kaplan-Meier survival analysis for OS. A: Kaplan-Meier survival curves for overall survival in patients grouped by NLR before dosing; B: Kaplan-Meier survival curves for overall survival in patients grouped by NLR after 6 weeks of dosing; C: Kaplan-Meier survival curves for overall survival in patients grouped by NLR after 12 weeks of dosing; D: Kaplan-Meier survival curves for overall survival in patients grouped by EGFR mutation.

PFS的Kaplan-Meier生存分析。A:用药6周后,按NLR分组的患者无进展生存期的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线;B:用药12周后,按NLR分组的患者无进展生存期的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线;C:按ECOG评分分组的患者无进展生存期的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线;D:按患者有无放疗分组的无进展生存期的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线;E:不同用药方案的无进展生存期的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线。 Kaplan-Meier survival analysis for PFS. A: Kaplan-Meier survival curves for progression-free survival in patients grouped by NLR after 6 weeks of dosing; B: Kaplan-Meier survival curves for progression-free survival in patients grouped by NLR after 12 weeks of dosing; C: Kaplan-Meier survival curves for progression-free survival in patients grouped by ECOG PS; D: Kaplan-Meier survival curves for progression-free survival in patients grouped by radiotherapy; E: Kaplan-Meier survival curves for progression-free survival in patients grouped by option of treatment. OS的Kaplan-Meier生存分析。A:用药前,按NLR分组的患者总生存期的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线;B:用药6周后,按NLR分组的患者总生存期的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线;C:用药12周后,按NLR分组的患者总生存期的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线;D:按是否存在EGFR突变分组的患者总生存期的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线。 Kaplan-Meier survival analysis for OS. A: Kaplan-Meier survival curves for overall survival in patients grouped by NLR before dosing; B: Kaplan-Meier survival curves for overall survival in patients grouped by NLR after 6 weeks of dosing; C: Kaplan-Meier survival curves for overall survival in patients grouped by NLR after 12 weeks of dosing; D: Kaplan-Meier survival curves for overall survival in patients grouped by EGFR mutation.

列线图评分

基于Cox多因素分析结果,构建列线图预测6个月和12个月的无进展生存率及总生存率。NLR6w及NLR12w分组预测无进展生存率的c指数分别为0.640及0.629;NLR0w、NLR6w及NLR12w分组预测总生存率的c指数分别为0.603、0.607及0.595。并且各个分组的校准曲线图显示出良好的一致性(图 3、图 4)。
图 3

预测6个月及12个月无进展生存率的列线图及校准曲线图。A:ECOG评分和NLR6w的列线图;B:NLR6w预测6个月和12个月PFS概率的校准曲线;C:ECOG评分和NLR12w的列线图;D: NLR12w预测6个月和12个月PFS概率的校准曲线。

Nomogram predicting the probability of 6-months and 12-months progression-free survival (PFS) and calibration plots. A: A nomogram incorporating the presence of ECOG and NLR6w; B: Calibration curve for predicting the probability of 6-months and 12-months PFS using NLR6w; C: A nomogram incorporating the presence of ECOG and NLR12w; D: Calibration curve for predicting the probability of 6-months and 12-months PFS using NLR12w. ECOG PS_group: 0=PS 0-1, 1=PS 2; NLR6w_group: 0=NLR6w < 3, 1=NLR6w≥3; NLR12w_group: 0=NLR12w < 3, 1=NLR12w≥3; Treatment_option: 0=monotherapy, 1=combination therapy; Radiotherapy: 0=no radiotherapy, 1=receiving radiotherapy.

图 4

预测6个月及12个月总生存率的列线图及校准曲线图。A:基因突变类型和NLR0w的列线图;B:NLR0w预测6个月和12个月OS概率的校准曲线;C:基因突变类型和NLR6w的列线图;D:NLR6w预测6个月和12个月OS概率的校准曲线;E:基因突变类型和NLR12w的列线图;F:NLR12w预测6个月和12个月OS概率的校准曲线。

Nomogram predicting the probability of 6-months and 12-months OS and calibration plots. A: A nomogram incorporating the presence of gene mutation and NLR6w; B: Calibration curve for predicting the probability of 6-months and 12-months OS using NLR6w; C: A nomogram incorporating the presence of gene mutation and NLR6w; D: Calibration curve for predicting the probability of 6-months and 12-months OS using NLR6w; E: A nomogram incorporating the presence of gene mutation and NLR12w; F: Calibration curve for predicting the probability of 6-months and 12-months OS using NLR12w. Gene_group: 0=non-EGFR mutation, 1=EGFR mutation; NLR0w_group: 0=NLR0w < 3, 1=NLR0w≥3; NLR6w_group: 0=NLR6w < 3, 1=NLR6w≥3; NLR12w_group: 0=NLR12w < 3, 1=NLR12w≥3.

预测6个月及12个月无进展生存率的列线图及校准曲线图。A:ECOG评分和NLR6w的列线图;B:NLR6w预测6个月和12个月PFS概率的校准曲线;C:ECOG评分和NLR12w的列线图;D: NLR12w预测6个月和12个月PFS概率的校准曲线。 Nomogram predicting the probability of 6-months and 12-months progression-free survival (PFS) and calibration plots. A: A nomogram incorporating the presence of ECOG and NLR6w; B: Calibration curve for predicting the probability of 6-months and 12-months PFS using NLR6w; C: A nomogram incorporating the presence of ECOG and NLR12w; D: Calibration curve for predicting the probability of 6-months and 12-months PFS using NLR12w. ECOG PS_group: 0=PS 0-1, 1=PS 2; NLR6w_group: 0=NLR6w < 3, 1=NLR6w≥3; NLR12w_group: 0=NLR12w < 3, 1=NLR12w≥3; Treatment_option: 0=monotherapy, 1=combination therapy; Radiotherapy: 0=no radiotherapy, 1=receiving radiotherapy. 预测6个月及12个月总生存率的列线图及校准曲线图。A:基因突变类型和NLR0w的列线图;B:NLR0w预测6个月和12个月OS概率的校准曲线;C:基因突变类型和NLR6w的列线图;D:NLR6w预测6个月和12个月OS概率的校准曲线;E:基因突变类型和NLR12w的列线图;F:NLR12w预测6个月和12个月OS概率的校准曲线。 Nomogram predicting the probability of 6-months and 12-months OS and calibration plots. A: A nomogram incorporating the presence of gene mutation and NLR6w; B: Calibration curve for predicting the probability of 6-months and 12-months OS using NLR6w; C: A nomogram incorporating the presence of gene mutation and NLR6w; D: Calibration curve for predicting the probability of 6-months and 12-months OS using NLR6w; E: A nomogram incorporating the presence of gene mutation and NLR12w; F: Calibration curve for predicting the probability of 6-months and 12-months OS using NLR12w. Gene_group: 0=non-EGFR mutation, 1=EGFR mutation; NLR0w_group: 0=NLR0w < 3, 1=NLR0w≥3; NLR6w_group: 0=NLR6w < 3, 1=NLR6w≥3; NLR12w_group: 0=NLR12w < 3, 1=NLR12w≥3.

讨论

众所周知,对于晚期NSCLC患者,ICIs相对于传统化疗有更显著的疗效获益[,但是由于免疫治疗可能带来严重的不良反应,因此,预测使用ICIs的患者的疗效尤为重要。病理类型、PD-L1表达水平、TMB和肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞等可以有效地预测免疫治疗疗效,然而这些标记的检测方法较为复杂,并且只能反应某一个固定时间段的特征,无法实现动态预测,因此,通过常规实验室检查指标来预测免疫治疗疗效就显得尤为重要。在肿瘤发生发展的不同阶段,炎症反应发挥着不同的作用,并且其对肿瘤的免疫治疗反应有所影响,调节性T细胞(Tregs)具有免疫抑制功能,在肿瘤组织中聚集,在炎症反应中,这些细胞也被树突状细胞募集和激活[。骨髓来源的抑制性细胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cells, MDSCs)亦属于促炎细胞,它被炎症反应激活,并向特定部位聚集,促进血管形成,同时它也具有免疫抑制作用[。因此,肿瘤相关性炎症通过产生促炎和抗炎信号,导致肿瘤生长并逃避免疫监视。中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞等炎症标志物在此过程中发挥关键作用[。 在本回顾性研究中,我们评估了173例符合条件的NSCLC患者的临床特征和预后,并通过分析可能与NSCLC相关的外周血炎症相关指标(ANC、ALC、PLT、NLR、PLR等)对患者的预后进行预测。与既往部分研究不同的是,本研究根据不同时期的NLR、PLR数据构建了多个模型,从而可以动态地预测患者的疗效及生存。最终我们的数据显示NLR与患者预后密切相关,具体来讲,NLR12w < 3的患者有更好的DCR,NLR6w和NLR12w < 3的患者ORR更高并且有更长的PFS,在OS方面,不管何时,NLR < 3的患者的OS都更长。 既往诸多研究表明NLR、PLR等指标对NSCLC患者使用免疫治疗的预后有预测价值,且大部分研究表明基线的数值更有预测价值[。Capone等[的研究发现基线NLR≥5的接受免疫治疗的恶性黑色素瘤患者的OS和PFS显著低于NLR < 5的患者;Bartlett等[的研究也显示出基线NLR≥5与较短的OS相关(HR=2.0; 95%CI: 1.3-2.9)。而在本研究中,我们根据基线、治疗后6周以及12周三个时间段的NLR及PLR值预测患者的预后,然而我们并没有发现PLR在预测疗效及生存方面的价值,也没有发现基线NLR在患者免疫治疗疗效以及PFS方面的预测价值,只在预测OS方面发现基线NLR具有预测价值。可能的解释是,本研究纳入患者以复治患者居多,这类患者前期的化疗方案可能对免疫治疗前所测定的标志物的基线值有所影响。在PFS方面,我们发现接受过放疗的患者往往有更加良好的PFS获益,提示放疗在患者早期获益中的重要地位,但是对OS并没有影响,这可能是由于本研究样本量相对较少,有一定的局限性。需要注意的是,本研究中发现,接受ICIs单药治疗的患者有着更长的PFS,这可能是因为单药治疗的患者以一线初治患者为主,而这类患者往往有着更好的早期获益可能。在OS方面发现了基线NLR的预测价值可能是因为在NLR0w < 3分组中,初治患者居多,这类患者免疫治疗进展后往往有更多后续治疗方案的选择,因此总生存期可以得到延长。为了评估本研究中的预测模型的准确性,我们还构建了列线图、计算一致性指数并绘制了校准曲线。可以发现本研究中的预测模型的一致性指数及校准曲线均显示出统计学意义。 本研究的不足之处主要是本研究为单中心研究,患者样本量有限,不同时期NLR的预后价值有待扩充病例数后进一步验证。此外,本研究的随访时间尚短,因此后续需要更长的随访时间来探索不同时期NLR对于生存预后的价值。最后,血液学指标的变化可能仅为化疗引起,需要只接受化疗的患者为对照组,然而,我们无法招募足够数量的患者,因为在目前的临床实践中单独化疗方案十分少见,后续将继续进行相关研究,建立验证队列。尽管有着如上局限性,但是免疫细胞在反应肿瘤免疫治疗时机体免疫炎症状态的作用仍不容忽视,这也是进行本研究的机制背景[。参照诸如NLR等简易实验室指标的动态变化进行免疫治疗方案的选择可能是未来的一个研究方向。 综上所述,不同时期的NLR可能是一种可以预测NSCLC患者免疫治疗疗效的临床生物标志物,并且其具有简易获取、动态监测的优势。未来可以通过更大样本量的研究进一步探索NLR等相关指标在NSCLC患者中的应用价值,为临床医生提供更方便有效的参考依据。
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Review 1.  Tumor-associated neutrophils: new targets for cancer therapy.

Authors:  Alyssa D Gregory; A McGarry Houghton
Journal:  Cancer Res       Date:  2011-03-22       Impact factor: 12.701

2.  Pembrolizumab plus Chemotherapy in Metastatic Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

Authors:  Leena Gandhi; Delvys Rodríguez-Abreu; Shirish Gadgeel; Emilio Esteban; Enriqueta Felip; Flávia De Angelis; Manuel Domine; Philip Clingan; Maximilian J Hochmair; Steven F Powell; Susanna Y-S Cheng; Helge G Bischoff; Nir Peled; Francesco Grossi; Ross R Jennens; Martin Reck; Rina Hui; Edward B Garon; Michael Boyer; Belén Rubio-Viqueira; Silvia Novello; Takayasu Kurata; Jhanelle E Gray; John Vida; Ziwen Wei; Jing Yang; Harry Raftopoulos; M Catherine Pietanza; Marina C Garassino
Journal:  N Engl J Med       Date:  2018-04-16       Impact factor: 91.245

3.  Previous radiotherapy and the clinical activity and toxicity of pembrolizumab in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer: a secondary analysis of the KEYNOTE-001 phase 1 trial.

Authors:  Narek Shaverdian; Aaron E Lisberg; Krikor Bornazyan; Darlene Veruttipong; Jonathan W Goldman; Silvia C Formenti; Edward B Garon; Percy Lee
Journal:  Lancet Oncol       Date:  2017-05-24       Impact factor: 41.316

4.  Variation in neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as predictor of outcomes in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) and non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) patients treated with nivolumab.

Authors:  A Simonaggio; R Elaidi; L Fournier; E Fabre; V Ferrari; D Borchiellini; J Thouvenin; P Barthelemy; C Thibault; E Tartour; S Oudard; Y A Vano
Journal:  Cancer Immunol Immunother       Date:  2020-06-19       Impact factor: 6.968

5.  Correlation of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio and Absolute Neutrophil Count With Outcomes With PD-1 Axis Inhibitors in Patients With Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

Authors:  Alona Zer; Mike R Sung; Preet Walia; Leila Khoja; Manjula Maganti; Catherine Labbe; Frances A Shepherd; Penelope A Bradbury; Ronald Feld; Geoffrey Liu; Melissa Iazzi; Dianne Zawisza; Nazanin Nouriany; Natasha B Leighl
Journal:  Clin Lung Cancer       Date:  2018-05-08       Impact factor: 4.785

Review 6.  The Eighth Edition Lung Cancer Stage Classification.

Authors:  Frank C Detterbeck; Daniel J Boffa; Anthony W Kim; Lynn T Tanoue
Journal:  Chest       Date:  2016-10-22       Impact factor: 9.410

7.  Sarcopenia and high NLR are associated with the development of hyperprogressive disease after second-line pembrolizumab in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.

Authors:  M P Petrova; I S Donev; M A Radanova; M I Eneva; E G Dimitrova; G N Valchev; V T Minchev; M S Taushanova; M V Boneva; T S Karanikolova; R B Gencheva; G A Zhbantov; A I Ivanova; C V Timcheva; B P Pavlov; V G Megdanova; B S Robev; N V Conev
Journal:  Clin Exp Immunol       Date:  2020-08-26       Impact factor: 4.330

Review 8.  Promising predictors of checkpoint inhibitor response in NSCLC.

Authors:  Friedlaender Alex; Addeo Alfredo
Journal:  Expert Rev Anticancer Ther       Date:  2020-09-09       Impact factor: 4.512

Review 9.  Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation.

Authors:  Douglas Hanahan; Robert A Weinberg
Journal:  Cell       Date:  2011-03-04       Impact factor: 41.582

10.  Baseline neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and derived NLR could predict overall survival in patients with advanced melanoma treated with nivolumab.

Authors:  Mariaelena Capone; Diana Giannarelli; Domenico Mallardo; Gabriele Madonna; Lucia Festino; Antonio Maria Grimaldi; Vito Vanella; Ester Simeone; Miriam Paone; Giuseppe Palmieri; Ernesta Cavalcanti; Corrado Caracò; Paolo Antonio Ascierto
Journal:  J Immunother Cancer       Date:  2018-07-16       Impact factor: 13.751

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1.  Platelet-to-lymphocyte and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios are associated with the efficacy of immunotherapy in stage III/IV non-small cell lung cancer.

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Journal:  Oncol Lett       Date:  2022-06-17       Impact factor: 3.111

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