Programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)+ tumour cells and low-reacting programmed cell death 1 (PD1)+ tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes predict poor prognosis in Epstein-Barr virus+ diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)+ diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) has specific tumour cell characteristics, and these patients have worse outcomes than EBV-negative DLBCL patients. We compared 38 EBV+ DLBCL patients with 43 methotrexate-associated EBV+ B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders (MTX+/EBV+ BLPDs) and 30 non-germinal centre (GC) subtype DLBCL. Lymphoma cells of the EBV+ DLBCL group were positive for BCL2 in 17 patients (44.7%), CMYC in 23 patients (60.5%), and p53 in 33 patients (86.8%), which was significantly higher than in the MTX+/EBV+ BLPD group (P < 0.05), and were positive for CD30 in 29 patients (76.3%), compared with two in non-GC subtype DLBCL (6.7%) (P < 0.0001). Significantly more EBV+ DLBCL patients (n = 16, 42.1%) had programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)+ tumour cells than patients with non-GC subtype DLBCL (n = 5, 16.7%; P = 0.024), and PD-L1+ tumour cells were more common in advanced stages than in early stages (P = 0.048). Twenty-five EBV+ DLBCL patients (69.4%) had few reactive PD1+ tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), compared with 12 patients with MTX+/EBV+ BLPDs (37.5%) (P = 0.008). In the EBV+ DLBCL group, CD30, BCL2, CMYC, and p53 expression was not related to patient prognosis. Poor outcomes were associated with PD-L1+ tumour cells (P = 0.001) and low-reacting PD1+ TILs (P = 0.02), while their combination conferred a worse outcome (P < 0.0001). Immune evasion by PD-L1+ tumour cells and exhaustion of PD1+ TILs may occur in EBV+ DLBCL patients, and PD-L1/PD1 interactions may influence tumour progression and poor prognosis.