| Literature DB >> 34486836 |
Wenwen Chen1,2, Zhongqiao Gan1,2, Jianhua Qin1,2.
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-bound nanovesicles that are secreted by most types of cells and contain a range of biologically important molecules, including lipids, proteins, ribonucleic acids, etc. Emerging evidences show that exosomes can affect cells' physiological status by transmitting molecular messages among cells. As such, exosomes are involved in various pathological processes. Studying exosomes is of great importance for understanding their biological functions and relevance to disease diagnosis. However, it is difficult to separate and analyze exosomes due to their small size, and because their density is similar to that of bodily fluids. Traditional methods, including ultracentrifugation and ultrafiltration are time-consuming and require expensive equipment. Other methods for exosome separation, including immunoaffinity-based methods, are expensive and rely heavily on specific antibodies. Precipitation-based methods do not yield acceptable purity for downstream analysis, due to polymer contamination. Thus, urgent demand exists for a portable, simple, affordable method for exosome separation. Microfluidic chip technology offers a potential platform for separation and detection of exosomes, with several remarkable characteristics, including low sample consumption, high throughput, and easy integration. This paper provides an overview of current microfluidic strategies for separation and analysis of circulating exosomes. In our introduction to exosome separation, we divide existing separation methods into two categories. Category one is based on exosome physical properties, and includes membrane filtration, nano-column array sorting, and physical isolation. The other is immune capture, which is based on biochemical characteristics of exosomes, and includes fixed base immune capture and unfixed base immune capture. In our introduction to exosome analyses, some commonly used methods, including western blotting, scanning electron microscopy, and flow cytometry are briefly described. Some new systems, which combine microfluidic technology with fluorescence, electrochemical sensing, surface plasmon resonance, or other multimodal analysis methods for integrated detection of exosomes are then described in detail. Finally, the challenges faced by microfluidic technology in improving exosome purity and making systems more portable are analyzed. Prospects for application of microfluidic chips in this area are also discussed. With the rapid development of micro/nano-manufacturing, new materials, and information technology, microfluidic exosome separation and analysis systems will become smaller, more integrated, and more automated. Microfluidic chip technology will play important roles in exosome separation, biochemical detection, and mechanism analysis.Entities:
Keywords: exosomes; microfluidics; separation and analysis
Mesh:
Substances:
Year: 2021 PMID: 34486836 PMCID: PMC9404160 DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2021.07005
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Se Pu ISSN: 1000-8713
图1外泌体形成及组成示意图[
不同外泌体分离方法的比较
| Separation method | Principles | Sample volume | Sample | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ultra-centrifugation | size, density | large | cell culture medium, urine, et al. | without additional reagents | time consuming, instrument dependent, high shear stress |
| Ultrafilter | size | relatively large | cell culture medium, urine, et al. | without additional reagents | impurities with similar size, high shear stress |
| Immunocapture | antigen-antibody reaction | relatively small | urine, blood, et al. | high specificity | expensive, rely heavily on specific antibodies |
| Precipitation | protein-polymer reaction | large | cell culture medium, urine, et al. | cheap, easy to operate | polymer contamination, low recovery rate |
| Microfluidic chip | according to different design | small | blood, urine, precise samples | fixable, integrable | small separation volume, complex fabrication |
图2基于纳米孔膜、纳米阵列过滤分离外泌体的微流控方法
图3基于物理场分选分离外泌体的微流控方法
图4基于固定基底免疫捕获分离外泌体的微流控方法
图5基于非固定基底免疫捕获分离外泌体的微流控方法
基于微流控技术的外泌体分离方法
| Microfluidic technologies | Sample | Sample | Recovery/ | Time/ | Isolated | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Based on physical characteristics of exosomes | |||||||
| Membrane filtration | |||||||
| Exodisc: double membranes | urine | 1000 | >95 | 30 | 20-600 | [ | |
| ExoTIC: multi-membranes | culture media, plasma, urine | 5000 | >90 | 60 | ~30-100 | [ | |
| Nano-column arrays | |||||||
| Nano-DLD sorting | urine, serum | 900 | ~50 | 60 | ~30-200 | [ | |
| Ciliated micropillar array | liposomes | 100 | ~60 | 10 | ~30-200 | [ | |
| Physical field | |||||||
| Acoustofluidic collection | human whole blood | 500 | 99 | 50 | ~100 | [ | |
| Electric field | mouse whole blood | 1000 | 65 | 50 | ~10-400 | [ | |
| Viscoelastic flow | fetal bovine serum | 100 | 93.6 | 10 | <200 | [ | |
| Based on biochemical characteristics of exosomes | |||||||
| Immune capture on fixed base | |||||||
| SPRi antibody microarray | cell culture media | 300 | N/A | 1 | ~70 | [ | |
| Nano-IMEX | plasma | 20 | ~80 | 40 | <150 | [ | |
| -COCEVHB-chip | plasma | 1000 | 94 | 60 | ~100 | [ | |
| ZnO chip | cell culture media, blood | 100 | >70 | 10 | 30-150 | [ | |
| Immune capture on unfixed base | |||||||
| ExoSearch chip: magnetic beads | plasma | 1000 | ~79.7 | 10 | <150 | [ | |
| Polystyrene beads | cell culture media | 700 | N/A | 10 | 60-90 | [ | |
| ExoTENPO chip: magnetic nanoparticles | plasma | 10000 | N/A | 60 | ~138-161 | [ | |
N/A: not applicable.
不同外泌体分析方法的比较
| Analysis method | Principles | Analysis objects | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microscopy | the reaction between samples and electrons or detection | size, morphology | [ |
| probes | |||
| Light scattering | change of light scattering intensity | size distribution | [ |
| TRPS | change of conductivity | size, concentration, zeta potential | [ |
| Antibody detection | antigen-antibody reaction | proteins | [ |
| Nano-FCM | the scattering light and fluorescent light of detected cells | size, biochemical characterization | [ |
图6微流控芯片与荧光检测联用用于外泌体检测
图7电化学传感检测外泌体