Bjørn H Olstad1, Tomohiro Gonjo2, Ana Conceição3, Jan Šťastný4, Ludovic Seifert5. 1. Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Norway. Electronic address: bjornho@nih.no. 2. Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Norway. 3. Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Research Centre of Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, STRONG Research Community, Portugal. 4. Centre of Sports Activities, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic. 5. CETAPS EA3832, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Rouen Normandie, France.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the arm-leg coordination from different perspectives of motor control during the underwater start sequence to understand whether differences exist between the three competitive breaststroke swimming events. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: Forty-one breaststroke races (with race times relative to the world record): 50-meter (n = 14, 87.6%), 100-meter (n = 14, 88.5%) and 200-meter (n = 13, 85.4%) were recorded. A race analysis system tracked the two-dimensional displacement of the head. Key points from the underwater start sequence were obtained from notational analysis in order to compute seven time-gaps and four phases to assess the arm-leg coordination and timing of the dolphin kick. A one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc correction was used to assess differences between the time gaps and phases for the three events. RESULTS: Differences between the three events were found for total underwater glide, and the first (T0) and second (T1) major glide phase. No differences between the events were found in relative duration and distance for the time gaps related to arm-leg coordination (T1-3, T4, T6) and timing of the dolphin kick (T4-5) during the underwater start sequence. CONCLUSIONS: The arm-leg coordination and timing of the dolphin kick showed no difference between the events, but the total underwater glide duration was longer in both the 100- and 200-meter compared with the 50-meter start. This shows that swimmers did not change the complex inter-limb coordination between the competitive events, but only modified the least complex movement, gliding, to adapt to the swimming speed of the respective events.
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the arm-leg coordination from different perspectives of motor control during the underwater start sequence to understand whether differences exist between the three competitive breaststroke swimming events. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: Forty-one breaststroke races (with race times relative to the world record): 50-meter (n = 14, 87.6%), 100-meter (n = 14, 88.5%) and 200-meter (n = 13, 85.4%) were recorded. A race analysis system tracked the two-dimensional displacement of the head. Key points from the underwater start sequence were obtained from notational analysis in order to compute seven time-gaps and four phases to assess the arm-leg coordination and timing of the dolphin kick. A one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc correction was used to assess differences between the time gaps and phases for the three events. RESULTS: Differences between the three events were found for total underwater glide, and the first (T0) and second (T1) major glide phase. No differences between the events were found in relative duration and distance for the time gaps related to arm-leg coordination (T1-3, T4, T6) and timing of the dolphin kick (T4-5) during the underwater start sequence. CONCLUSIONS: The arm-leg coordination and timing of the dolphin kick showed no difference between the events, but the total underwater glide duration was longer in both the 100- and 200-meter compared with the 50-meter start. This shows that swimmers did not change the complex inter-limb coordination between the competitive events, but only modified the least complex movement, gliding, to adapt to the swimming speed of the respective events.