On the neutrosophic soft set with rough set theory.

Rough set is a very powerful invention to the whole world for dealing with uncertain, incomplete and imprecise problems. Also soft set theory and neutrosophic set theory are advance mathematical tools to handle these uncertain, incomplete, inconsistent information in a better way. The purpose of this article is to expand the scope of rough set, soft set and neutrosophic set theory. We have introduced the concept of neutrosophic soft set with roughness without using full soft set. Some definitions, properties and examples have been established on neutrosophic soft rough set. Moreover, dispensable and equalities are written on roughness with neutrosophic soft set.

Introduction

The rough set theory was introduced by Pawlak (1982). The advanced mathematical theory has enlightened the researchers of Artificial Intelligence, Mathematics and Computer Science. An inexact set S is categorized by two exact sets that is the lower approximation and upper approximation of the set S through an equivalence relation. Rough set is based on the knowledge about one’s ability to discern the objects, data, phenomenon etc. In 1983, zakowski defined the rough set using the covering instead of equivalence relation (or partition) where the lower approximation of the set S is the interior of S and upper approximation of S is the closure of S. Later Lin (1988) defined rough set through neighborhood operators(a new covering). Many researchers have found different approximation operators based on the covering and 1-neighborhood operators.

Smarandache (1999) introduced the concept of neutrospohic set. Neutrosophic set is described by three functions: a membership function, indeterminacy function and a non-membership function. The functions are independently related, where the membership, indeterminacy and non-membership functional values belong to .

And then, in the same year, D. Molodtsov proposed the soft set theory for dealing with uncertainties. The soft set is defined through a parameter set A and a mapping F is defined from A to power set of the universal set. Soft set theory has a potential for application in several directions. Maji et al. (2003) narrate the operations AND, OR, Compliment and other set theoretic operations which attract the researchers to study more on soft set theory. Feng et al. (2010) published a paper on soft rough set and rough soft set. In Shabir et al. (2013) introduced Modified Soft Rough sets. P.K. Maji in 2013 brought forth the concept neutrosophic soft set. Bhutani and Aggarwal (2017) defined neutrosophic rough soft sets and A. Al-Quran, N. Hassan and E. Marei defined neutrosophic soft rough set in 2019. In the year 2020 (Zhang et al. 2020) studied neutrosophic fusion of rough set theory. Also an extension was made from soft set to Hypersoft set transforming the function into a multi-attribute function in the year 2018 by F. Smarandache. Das and Mohanty (2021) defined soft rough set not using full soft set and studied dispensability and other properties of soft rough set.

In this paper, we have defined roughness on neutrosophic soft set in a new manner which is different from the definitions given by Al-Quran et al. (2019). In the paper, A. Al-Quran et al. had considered the full soft set to define neutrosophic soft rough set. The definition given here will be more effective approach to handle the uncertain, vague and imprecise data as the full soft is not used.

Preliminaries

Rough set

The definition and some properties of rough set introduced by Z. Pawlak are presented here. Let U be the universal set and M be an equivalence relation(a knowledge) on U, where M is termed as indiscernibility relation. U/M be the family of all equivalence classes of M known as categories or concepts of M and for is an equivalence class of x. The relational system is called a approximation space. The M-lower and M-upper approximations of a set under the indiscernibilty relation M are defined as

Definition 2.1

(Pawlak 1982) Let U be universal set and M be an equivalence relation(a knowledge) on U. For the set , X is rough with respect to knowledge M if and only if , otherwise X is called definable (or exact) set with respect to M.

Also the M-positive, M-negative and M-boundary region of X are defined as

, and respectively.

Example 2.2

Let be the universe of discourse. There are eight pebbles of different colors. Let M be the knowledge(an equivalence relation) on U, so we get a partition of U(categories of M) asthat is are the pebbles of blue color, are of red color, is of green color and are of yellow color.

Let The lower and upper approximation of X isHence, . So, the set X is rough with respect to knowledge M.

Proposition 2.3

(Pawlak 1991) Suppose that (U, M) is an approximation space and . Then

Soft set

The concept of soft set was introduced by Molodtsov (1999). Here we discuss the soft set theory with some properties.

Definition 2.4

Let U be an initial universe, E be the set of parameters related to U. Let P(U) denotes the power set of U, and F be a mapping given by , then the pair (F, A) is called soft set over U. In other words the soft set is characterized by a parameter set and a mapping on parameters. For every , F(e) is said to be e-approximate elements of U and soft set can be viewed as a parameterized family of subsets of U.

Maji et al. (2003) introduced equality of two soft sets, subset and super set of a soft set, complement of a soft set, null soft set and absolute soft set with examples.

A soft set (F, A) is called full soft set if .

Definition 2.5

For , two soft sets (F, A) and (G, B) over a common universe U, we find the set theoretic operations on soft set as:

Soft Subset: The soft set (F, A) is soft subset of (G, B) denoted by if and for all . Then (G, B) is said to be a soft super set of (F, A).

Soft Equality: Two soft sets (F, A) and (G, B) over a common universe U are said to be soft equal, denoted by , if (F, A) is a soft subset of (G, B) and (G, B) is a soft subset of (F, A) that is and .

Soft Union: The union of two soft sets (F, A) and (G, B) over the common universe U is the soft set (H, C), where and for all , We denote .

Soft Intersection: The intersection of two soft sets (F, A) and (G, B) over the common universe U is the soft set (H, C), where and for all , . We denote .

NOT set of a set of parameters: Let be a set of parameters. The NOT set of E is denoted by and is defined as , where , for all i, .

Soft Complement: The complement of a soft set (F, A) is denoted by and is defined by , where is a mapping given by , for all . Clearly, complement of is (F, A), that is . But in general the complement of a soft set (F, A) that is, is not a soft set, since

Example 2.6

Let be the set of houses under consideration, be set of parameters on U that is stands for expensive, stands for beautiful, stands for wooden, stands for cheap and stands for green surrounding. Let a mapping be given an expert views as , , , , and be a mapping (that is another expert giving his views) given by , , , , .

Let , then the soft setHence, . Since and , for all .

Soft Complement =(not expensive houses, ), (not cheap houses, ), (not in the green surrounding, )

Example 2.7

Let be the initial universe, be set of parameters with respect to U. Let be a mapping given by , , , , , and be a mapping given by , , , , .

Let , then the soft set areThe union of two soft sets (F, A) and (G, B) is defined as the soft set (H, C), where and for all  , that isThe intersection of two soft sets (F, A) and (G, B) be the soft set (H, C), where and for all  , that is

Husain and Shivani (2018) had studied some properties on soft set theory with some applications. Also, rough soft set-definition and properties have been discussed by D. Mohanty (2012).

Feng et al. (2010) provides the definition of soft rough set as for ,and X is said to be soft rough set if , otherwise X is soft definable.

In this paper it is mentioned that doesn’t hold in general.

To eradicate this difficulty, Feng et al. (2011) used full soft set that is and is hold good.

Mohanty et al. (2012) defined soft rough set without using full soft set as for .Where and . X is said to be soft rough if , otherwise X is soft definable.

It is nice to note that the property holds for for the definition of soft rough set given by Mohanty et al. (2012) where full soft set not required.

Neutrosophic set

The neutrosophic set theory was introduced by F. Smarandache. It is somehow a generalization of fuzzy set and intuitionistic fuzzy set theory. In this section we present the definition and some operations on neutrosophic set.

Definition 2.8

The neutrosophic set A is a set of objects which is defined on the universe of discourse U aswhere the function and for all . Here, and (x) are named as the degree of membership (or Truthness), the degree of indeterminacy, and the degree of non-membership(or Falsehood) of the element to the set A. For two neutrosophic sets A and B,the relations on neutrosophic set are given as follows:

Subset: The neutrosophic set A is a subset of neutrosophic set B if and only if .

Equality: The neutrosophic set A is equal to neutrosophic set B if and only if .

Intersection: The intersection of these two neutrosophic sets A and B is given by

Union: The union of these two neutrosophic sets A and B is given by

Complement: The complement of neutrosophic set A is denoted by and defined as

and for , are called null neutrosophic condition and unit neutrosophic condition respectively.

Example 2.9

Let be a set of quality of features in any television that is, is for sharpness, is for sound, is for color, is for internet facilities and is for video. Here A is Philips televisions and B is Sony televisions.Here, for the sharpness in Philips televisions, the degree of quality of goodness is 0.9, the degree of quality of indeterminacy is 0.5 and the degree of worstness is 0.4 and so on. The video quality is not considered in Philips televisions, because the degree of membership is 0 and degree of non-membership is 1.Here, for the sharpness in Sony televisions, the degree of quality of goodness is 0.9, the degree of quality of indeterminacy is 0.5 and the degree of worstness is 0.3 and so on. Hence. .

Example 2.10

Let be different treatments that is, stands for physical therapy, stands for radiology, stands for immunotherapy, stands for phototherapy and stands for chemotherapy. Here A is Delhi city and B is Mumbai.be neutrosophic sets. Then union, intersection and compliment of two neutrosophic sets A and B isFor the city Delhi and Mumbai, we get the degree of quality of goodness in physical therapy is atleast 0.7, degree of indeterminacy is atmost 0.2 and degree of quality of worstness is atmost 0.5.

Neutrosophic soft set

Maji introduced the concept of neutrosophic soft set in 2013. Further, more scholarly approaches in respect of neutrosophic soft set are developed by Bhutani and Aggarwal (2017), Mohanty and Kalia (2015).

Definition 2.11

(Maji 2013) Let U be an initial universe set and E be the set of parameters on U, . Let NS(U) be the set of all neutrosophic sets of U, then the collection is called neutrosophic soft set over U, where is a mapping given by .

Example 2.12

Let U be the set of dresses for young girls under consideration and E be the set of parameters. Let and ,where that is E=beautiful, shinning, costly, modern, regular. Suppose thatHere, means dresses(beautiful) whose functional value is the neutrosophic set . An element be approximate element of whose degree of shinning of is 0.9, degree of indeterminacy in shinning of is 0.6 and degree of dullness (that is, degree of non-membership or falsehood of shinning) of is 0.3.

Consider the neutrosophic soft set , where describes the beautiful dresses, shinning dresses and costly dresses.For example Miss Shela wants to buy shinning dresses to attend a marriage party then the neutrosophic soft set, for is

So Miss Shela will choose the dress as it has highest degree of truthness.

Now we define neutrosophic soft subset, equal, union and intersection on U.

Definition 2.13

Let and be two neutrosophic soft sets over the common universe U. is said to be neutrosophic soft subset of if , and We denote it by . At that time we say be the neutrosophic soft super set of .

Definition 2.14

Two neutrosophic soft sets and over the common universe U are said to be equal if is neutrosophic soft subset of and is neutrosophic soft subset of . We denote it by .

Definition 2.15

Let and be two neutrosophic soft sets over the common universe U. Then the union of and is denoted by and is defined by , where and for the truth-membership, indeterminacy-membership and falsity-membership of are follows, respectively

Definition 2.16

Let and be two neutrosophic soft sets over the common universe U. Then the intersection of and is denoted by and is defined by , where and for the truth-membership, indeterminacy-membership and falsity-membership of are follows, respectively

Neutrosophic soft set with roughness

In this section, -lower and -upper approximations are introduced and their properties are deduced and illustrated with examples. We can find the notation , for and E is a set of parameters, ,Clearly, , and .

We note that, neutrosophic soft rough set is defined here without using full soft set. We can also find neutrosophic soft rough set which was defined in some manner by Broumi et al. (2014),Al-Quran et al. (2019) and Dhar (2020) using full soft set. But these are totally different from the definition given below

Definition 3.1

Let U be a nonempty universe. Let E be set of parameters, and NS(U) be the set of all neutrosophic sets of U. The collection be the neutrosophic soft set over U, where be a mapping given by . Then is called neutrosophic soft approximation space. Now for , we define -lower and -upper approximation aswhere .

If , then X is neutrosophic soft rough set, otherwise X is called neutrosophic soft definable set.

Example 3.2

Let be ten private new buildings are be sold and be a set of parameters such that be the parameter that the building looks like police quarter, the parameter be the buildings looks like peon quarters, be the doctor’s quarter, be officer’s quarter and be teacher’s quarter. Let be a mapping given by , , , , , and .

Now we define a mapping byHere, building and are not considered because the degree of membership is 0 and degree of non-membership is 1.Now neutrosophic soft set over U isLet , and . Here, . Then the neutrosophic soft set isNow, -lower approximation of X isThe -upper approximation of X isThus, X is rough with respect to knowledge , since .

Theorem 3.3

Let be neutrosophic soft set over U, be a neutrosophic soft approximation space and then we have

,

, ,

,

,

,

,

,

.

Proof

From definition of -lower and upper approximation, (1),(2) and (3) are straightforward. So we prove the remaining.

Assume that .

Let by definition there exists one such that and .

So that and .

This implies .

Hence, . This proves (4).

Remaining properties come directly.

Definition 3.4

Let be a neutrosophic soft set over U. For any , there exists such that and , for , then S is called intersection complete neutrosophic soft set.

Proposition 3.5

Let be an intersection complete neutrosophic soft set over U and be a neutrosophic soft approximation space. Then we have

We have only to show , since,Let , then there exists such that , and . By definition of intersection complete soft set , there exists such that .

Hence, . Therefore,

Example 3.6

Let be universe of discourse and be a set of parameters. Let be a mapping given by , , , , , and .

Let and let .

Thus, and . Then neutrosophic soft set over U beNow, , .Next, andTherefore, .Therefore, .

Equality on neutrosophic soft rough set

In this section, we defined equality on neutrosophic soft rough set.

Definition 3.7

Let be an neutrosophic soft set on a universe U, . For all we define binary relation

Sets X and Y are bottom equal if and only if

Sets X and Y are top equal if and only if

Sets X and Y are equal if and only if and

Proposition 3.8

Let be neutrosophic soft set over universe U, . Then

If and , then ,

If and , then ,

If and , then ,

If and , then .

Proof

(1) Given and , so that and .(2) Given, and , then and . But we know thatRemaining properties comes directly.

We note here that if and only if and is not true in general.

Dispensable

In this section, we shall discuss about dispensable and indispensable of neutrosophic soft set. Let , and be neutrosophic soft set on U, where and , , be the mappings. Let . We define approximate neutrosophic soft set, which is denoted by APP.where , , and , .

Also we write the difference in approximate neutrosophic soft set as

Definition 4.1

Two approximate Neutrosophic soft sets APP and APP are said to be equal that is APP=APP if for every there exists one such that for some and for every there exists one such that for some , where and , .

Definition 4.2

The neutrosophic soft set is dispensable in if . And if APP APP, then is indispensable in .

Definition 4.3

The neutrosophic soft set is independent if each is indispensable in . Otherwise neutrosophic soft set is dependent.

Example 4.4

Let be six most affected states in India due to Corona virus infection. Here is a group of persons from the state Maharashtra is detected corona positive, is a group of persons from the state Kerala is detected corona positive, is from Tamil Nadu, is from Delhi, is from Uttar Pradesh and is from Karnnataka. Let be the set of parameters with respect to corona virus infection symptoms in the human body such that is aches, is difficult in breathing, is tiredness, is chill. is fever and cough, is sore throat, is loss of smell, is loss of taste, is headache, is diaarhea and is severe vomiting. Let , .

Assume that that is, aches symptoms are marked in human body due to corona infection in states Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka, that is, difficulty breathing is marked in human body due to corona infection in states Kerala and Delhi and that is, fever and cough is marked in human body due to corona infection in states Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Delhi. , and . Similary, , and .Now let us consider approximate neutrosophic soft set which describe the common symptoms of corona that generally find in people when they were affected.where be a parameter with respect to symptoms of aches and sore throat and headache, in human body . Similarly, , , , , and . As the element in is not written.Since, though but , , , , , , and , where .

Hence, is indispensable in .Hence, is indispensable in .Hence, is indispensable in . Therefore, is independent.

Conclusion

To conclude this paper explicitly, the notion of neutrosophic soft rough set has been defined in new manner by combining of three theories that is rough set theory, soft set theory and neutrosophic set theory. The study of their basic properties like union, intersection and complement are discussed with examples. Some authors have defined soft rough set using full soft set which is not more convenient to handle indeterminant and incomplete data as it require all the information which is not always practically possible. However, in this article neutrosophic soft rough set is established without using full soft set and also equality and dispensability on neutrosophic soft rough set are illustrated with examples, to deal with indeterminant and incomplete data in a more convenient to real life problems.