William E Pelham1, Susan F Tapert2, Marybel Robledo Gonzalez2, Connor J McCabe2, Krista M Lisdahl3, Elisabet Alzueta4, Fiona C Baker4, Florence J Breslin5, Anthony Steven Dick6, Gayathri J Dowling7, Mathieu Guillaume8, Elizabeth A Hoffman7, Andrew T Marshall9, Bruce D McCandliss8, Chandni S Sheth10, Elizabeth R Sowell9, Wesley K Thompson11, Amandine M Van Rinsveld8, Natasha E Wade2, Sandra A Brown2. 1. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California. Electronic address: wpelham@ucsd.edu. 2. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California. 3. Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 4. Center For Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California. 5. Laureate Institute For Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma. 6. Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida. 7. Division of Extramural Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, Maryland. 8. Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California. 9. Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. 10. Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah. 11. Division of Biostatistics and Department of Radiology, Population Neuroscience and Genetics (PNG) Lab, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Evaluate changes in early adolescent substance use during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic using a prospective, longitudinal, nationwide cohort. METHODS: Participants were enrolled in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. A total of 7,842 youth (mean age = 12.4 years, range = 10.5-14.6) at 21 study sites across the U.S. completed a three-wave assessment of substance use between May and August 2020. Youth reported whether they had used alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, or other substances in the past 30 days. Data were linked to prepandemic surveys that the same youth had completed in the years 2018-2020, before the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: Past-30-day substance use remained stable in the 6 months since stay-at-home orders were first issued in U.S. states/counties; was primarily episodic (1-2 days in the past month); and was typically limited to a single substance. Using pretest/posttest and age-period designs, we found that compared to before the pandemic, fewer youth were using alcohol and more youth were using nicotine or misusing prescription drugs. During the pandemic, youth were more likely to use substances when they were more stressed by pandemic-related uncertainty; their family experienced material hardship; their parents used alcohol or drugs; or they experienced greater depression or anxiety. Neither engagement in social distancing nor worry about COVID-19 infection was associated with substance use. Several risk factors were stronger among older (vs. younger) adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Among youth in early adolescence, advent of the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with decreased use of alcohol and increased use of nicotine and misuse of prescription drugs.
PURPOSE: Evaluate changes in early adolescent substance use during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic using a prospective, longitudinal, nationwide cohort. METHODS: Participants were enrolled in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. A total of 7,842 youth (mean age = 12.4 years, range = 10.5-14.6) at 21 study sites across the U.S. completed a three-wave assessment of substance use between May and August 2020. Youth reported whether they had used alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, or other substances in the past 30 days. Data were linked to prepandemic surveys that the same youth had completed in the years 2018-2020, before the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: Past-30-day substance use remained stable in the 6 months since stay-at-home orders were first issued in U.S. states/counties; was primarily episodic (1-2 days in the past month); and was typically limited to a single substance. Using pretest/posttest and age-period designs, we found that compared to before the pandemic, fewer youth were using alcohol and more youth were using nicotine or misusing prescription drugs. During the pandemic, youth were more likely to use substances when they were more stressed by pandemic-related uncertainty; their family experienced material hardship; their parents used alcohol or drugs; or they experienced greater depression or anxiety. Neither engagement in social distancing nor worry about COVID-19 infection was associated with substance use. Several risk factors were stronger among older (vs. younger) adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Among youth in early adolescence, advent of the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with decreased use of alcohol and increased use of nicotine and misuse of prescription drugs.
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