Alexandra Buda1, Owen Dean1, Heather R Adams1,2, Sylvia Mwanza-Kabaghe3, Michael J Potchen4,5, Esau G Mbewe3, Pelekelo P Kabundula3, Milimo Mweemba6, Beauty Matoka6, Manoj Mathews7,8,9, J Anitha Menon10, Bo Wang11, Gretchen L Birbeck6,7,12, David R Bearden2,3. 1. University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA. 2. Department of Neurology, Division of Child Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA. 3. Department of Educational Psychology, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia. 4. Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA. 5. Lusaka Apex Medical University, Lusaka, Zambia. 6. Neurology Research Office, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia. 7. University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia. 8. University Teaching Hospital Children's Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia. 9. Directorate of Clinical Care & Diagnostics Services, Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia. 10. Department of Psychology, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia. 11. Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, US. 12. Department of Neurology, Division of Epilepsy, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Place-based inequalities, such as exposure to violence and access to nutritious food and clean water, may contribute to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated cognitive impairment. In this study, we investigated neighborhood effects on cognition in children and adolescents with HIV in Lusaka, Zambia. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 208 children with perinatally acquired HIV (ages 8-17) and 208 HIV-exposed uninfected controls. Participants underwent neuropsychological testing and interviews assessing socioeconomic status. Geographic regions with clusters of participants with HIV and cognitive impairment were identified using quantitative geographic information systems (QGIS) and SaTScan. Associations between location of residence and cognitive function were evaluated in bivariable and multivariable regression models. Mediation analysis was performed to assess direct and indirect effects of location of the residence on cognitive impairment. RESULTS: Residence in Chawama, one of the poorest neighborhoods in Lusaka, was significantly associated with cognitive impairment in participants with HIV (odds ratio 2.9; P = .005) and remained significant in a multivariable regression model controlling for potential confounders. Mediation analysis found that 46% of the cognitive effects of residence in Chawama were explained by higher rates of malnutrition, lower school attendance, and poorer self-reported health. CONCLUSIONS: Place-based socioeconomic inequality contributes to cognitive impairment in Zambian children and adolescents with HIV. Neighborhood effects may be mediated by concentrated poverty, malnutrition, limited access to education and health care, and other yet unknown environmental factors that may be potentially modifiable.
BACKGROUND: Place-based inequalities, such as exposure to violence and access to nutritious food and clean water, may contribute to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated cognitive impairment. In this study, we investigated neighborhood effects on cognition in children and adolescents with HIV in Lusaka, Zambia. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 208 children with perinatally acquired HIV (ages 8-17) and 208 HIV-exposed uninfected controls. Participants underwent neuropsychological testing and interviews assessing socioeconomic status. Geographic regions with clusters of participants with HIV and cognitive impairment were identified using quantitative geographic information systems (QGIS) and SaTScan. Associations between location of residence and cognitive function were evaluated in bivariable and multivariable regression models. Mediation analysis was performed to assess direct and indirect effects of location of the residence on cognitive impairment. RESULTS: Residence in Chawama, one of the poorest neighborhoods in Lusaka, was significantly associated with cognitive impairment in participants with HIV (odds ratio 2.9; P = .005) and remained significant in a multivariable regression model controlling for potential confounders. Mediation analysis found that 46% of the cognitive effects of residence in Chawama were explained by higher rates of malnutrition, lower school attendance, and poorer self-reported health. CONCLUSIONS: Place-based socioeconomic inequality contributes to cognitive impairment in Zambian children and adolescents with HIV. Neighborhood effects may be mediated by concentrated poverty, malnutrition, limited access to education and health care, and other yet unknown environmental factors that may be potentially modifiable.
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