Performance and Survivorship of National Football League Players with Pectoralis Major Injuries.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine return-to-play (RTP), performance and career survivorship for National Football League (NFL) athletes sustaining pectoralis major (PM) injuries with comparison among grades of injury and between nonoperative and operative management.
METHODS: Publicly available data from the 1998-2020 NFL seasons were reviewed to identify athletes with PM injuries. Athlete characteristics were collected 1 season before and 2 seasons after injury. Percent of total games played in a season, player efficiency rating (PER), and Pro Football Focus (PFF) grades were compared for the preinjury season and 2 postinjury seasons. Kaplan-Meier survivorship plots were computed for RTP and postinjury career length, whereas a log-rank test was used to compare survivorship differences.
RESULTS: In total, 258 PM injuries were reported at a mean age of 27.1 ± 3.3 years. A total of 126 surgical repairs occurred in 48.8% (n = 126) of injuries, with athletes undergoing repair possessing a lower RTP rate and longer time to RTP compared to athletes treated conservatively (P < .001). Survival analysis revealed shorter career length for athletes sustaining PM tears compared to strains (P < .001), although no difference in career length was appreciated on the basis of injury management (P = .980). Defensive linemen and wide receivers had lower PER during their second postinjury seasons (P = .019 and .030, respectively), whereas defensive linemen had lower PFF grades during their second post-injury seasons (P = .044).
CONCLUSION: NFL athletes requiring PM repair may experience a lower likelihood of RTP, and longer RTP timing, likely because of higher-grade injuries. Defensive linemen and wide receivers experiencing PM injuries are at risk for diminished performance post-injury. Career length does not appear to be affected based on injury management. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, cohort study.

Pectoralis major (PM) injuries are uncommon injuries that generally occur during weightlifting when an eccentric load is placed on the arm with the shoulder in extension, abduction, and external rotation., A subset of PM injuries has been reported during sports competition, such as American football.,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 Recent evidence supports repair over nonoperative management for complete PM tears, with operatively treated patients demonstrating superior functional outcomes, strength, and cosmesis when compared to those treated conservatively.,,,14, 15, 16, 17 However, there remains a role for nonoperative management and physical therapy for athletes with lower grade PM strains and partial tears; however, comparative studies are lacking.,,

The PM muscle is a fan-shaped muscle over the anterior thorax with 2 distinct heads: a sternocostal head and clavicular head.,, The sternocostal head arises from the sternum and ribs and the clavicular head arises from the proximal half of the clavicle.,, These heads converge into a tendon distal to the axilla, inserting on the lateral lip of the bicipital groove.20, 21, 22 The PM has a large insertional footprint, which is typically 63 to 68 mm in length from proximal to distal. For National Football League (NFL) athletes, the PM is essential to ensure full athletic potential, functioning as a powerful adductor, internal rotator, and flexor of the humerus, providing strength and range of motion to meet the competition demands of multiple positions., Athletes with PM injuries typically present with deformity of the anterior axillary fold, ecchymosis of the arm, and weakness with resisted adduction and internal rotation accompanied by an acute and sharp sensation., Although physical examination may be sufficient to identify large PM ruptures, confirmation and assessment of the extent of PM injuries typically involve ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging, with the latter providing a more comprehensive assessment of the entire PM muscle and tendon. Current evidence favors surgical repair of some partial (grade II) and most complete (grade III) PM injuries at the tendinous insertion or musculotendinous junction or when the patient is unable to accept the resulting deformity or weakness.,,,

In the NFL, PM injuries are infrequently reported. However, an increase in the incidence of PM injuries in the NFL has recently been reported over the past several seasons.27, 28, 29 This increase has been suggested to be secondary to the increasing size and speed of athletes during competition., Despite the increased interest in the epidemiology of PM injuries, there remains a paucity of data on return to play (RTP), performance, and survivorship after PM injuries in NFL athletes. The purpose of this study was to determine RTP, performance and career survivorship for NFL athletes sustaining PM injuries with comparison among grades of injury and between nonoperative and operative management. We hypothesized that athletes with higher-grade PM injuries and injuries undergoing repair would be associated with lower RTP, performance, and career length.

Methods

Injury Data Collection

Publicly available data from the Entertainment and Sports Programming Network and Pro Football Reference were reviewed to capture all PM injuries reported in NFL athletes from the 1998 season to 2020 season. This method of data collection has been used in many previous publications.,34, 35, 36, 37, 38 Data collection began with querying publicly available data from online league and player databases for weekly regular season NFL injury reports and identifying injuries reported as “pectoral,” “chest,” and “shoulder.”, Athlete characteristics (age, body mass index [BMI], years of experience, position, degree of tear, and operative versus nonoperative management) were recorded.

NFL injury reports consist of practice reports, which captures player availability during NFL practices, and game status reports, which captures player availability during games. All teams are mandated by the league to publish injury reports after each regular season practice and before each regular season game. To capture the true incidence of PM injuries, Pro-Football-Reference.com (Sports Reference LLC, Philadelphia, PA) was used to identify all “pectoral,” “chest,” and “shoulder” injuries that resulted in a player being designated as injured reserve or physically unable to perform. Once all athletes with PM injuries were identified, athletes sustaining injuries were verified by reviewing publicly available press releases. All injury dates and nonoperative versus operative treatment were identified by publicly available news articles and reports. PM injuries were graded as I (strain), II (partial tear), or III (complete tear) based on press releases and/or inferred based on return to play (RTP) and treatment. If a news report had stated that a player had a PM rupture or complete tear, it was classified as a grade III injury. If a news report had stated that a player had a partial tear, then it was classified as a grade II injury. If a news report had stated that a player had a strain or minor injury to the PM, it was classified as a grade I injury. In cases where there were no news reports, nonoperatively managed injuries with RTP within 1 season were classified as grade I injuries. Additionally, PM injuries without detailed news reports were considered grade II if they were nonoperatively managed but required the player being designated on injured reserve or as physically unable to perform. Finally, surgically managed PM injuries without detailed news reports were classified as grade III unless otherwise specified by press releases (e.g., reports of players being treated with repair for grade II PM injury).

Player Efficiency Rating Data Collection

The modified player efficiency rating (PER) for football uses games played, games started, seasons played, sacks, interceptions, yards gained, and touchdowns to generate a single score for player rating. These statistics were collected from Pro-Football-Reference.com (Sports Reference LLC), a publicly available database with player and team statistics. The algorithm used to calculate the PER from collected statistics has been previously reported by Hsu. PER statistics were collected and scores were calculated 1 season before PM injury and the subsequent 2 postinjury seasons using only regular season data. The first postinjury season was defined as the immediate season that the player was able to RTP after injury.

Pro Football Focus Data Collection

Given the limitations in PER in generating quantitative scores in offensive linemen, Pro Football Focus (PFF) (PFF, Cincinnati, OH) was used to collect additional quantitative player grades for analysis. PFF provides an overall offensive or defensive performance score for each player for each season based on performance assessed by video analysis. Every play a player makes is manually reviewed by a team of analysts, who grades each play attempt based on a scale of -2 to +2 in 0.5 increments. The scores are then converted to a scale of 0 to 100, with 0 being the worst score and 100 being the best score. The overall offensive or defensive season rating on the 0 to 100 scale was recorded. PFF player grades were again collected 1 season before PM injury and 2 seasons after injury.

Data Analysis and Statistical Methods

Percent of total games played in a season, PER, and PFF were calculated for the preinjury season and post-injury seasons 1 and 2 and expressed as mean and 95% confidence interval (CI). To identify statistical significance between RTP rates based operative versus nonoperative treatment, an unpaired Student t-test with unequal variance was used. To identify statistical significance between RTP rates in operatively treated versus nonoperatively treated players, a Student t-test for proportions was used. For both PFF and PER, the percent change from the preinjury to each postinjury period was calculated and compared with paired Student’s t-tests with equal variance. Kaplan-Meier survivorship plots were computed for RTP and postinjury career length. Log-rank test compared differences between survivorship across stratified cohorts. Statistical analysis was performed using RStudio, Version 1.1.442 (RStudio Inc. Boston, MA). Values are demonstrated as mean (range), mean ± standard deviation (SD), or mean (confidence interval [CI]) when appropriate. An α value of .05 was used.

Results

In total, 258 PM injuries in 245 players were identified between the 1998–1999 and 2019–2020 NFL seasons. Mean age in athletes at the time of injury was 27.1 ± 3.3 years, whereas mean BMI was 32.6 ± 4.1. Player demographics are demonstrated in Table 1. The majority of recorded PM injuries were in defensive players (167 of 258, 64.7%), with linebacker being the most commonly injured position (73 of 167 defensive injuries, 43.7%). After injury, 48.8% (126 of 258) of injuries underwent repair, with complete tears representing 95.2% of the operative group (120 of 126). Additionally, 45.0% of injuries (116 of 258) were treated without surgery, and 6.2% (16 of 258) were indeterminately treated. For those that were operatively treated with known surgery dates, the mean ± SD time from injury to surgery was 6.8 ± 9.6 days (range, 2.0-59.0 days). No significant difference in athlete age (P = .194) and BMI (P = .779) were appreciated when comparing athletes undergoing nonoperative versus operative management. The majority of operatively treated players were defensive players (77.8% of 126), with linebacker being the most common defensive position undergoing repair. The most common operatively treated offensive position was the offensive lineman. A slightly larger proportion of defensive players (51.2%) were nonoperatively treated as compared to offensive players (48.3%).

Table 1

Demographics by Player Position and Treatment

Overall	Mean ± SD [Range]
Age	27.1 ± 3.3 years [21.0-37.0]
BMI	32.6 ± 4.1 [24.8-43.1]
Nonoperatively Treated	116 (45.0% of 258)
Age	27.4 ± 3.3 years [21.0-37.0]
BMI	32.7 ± 4.0 [24.9-41.9]
Defense	60 (51.2% of 116)
Defensive line	21
Linebacker	24
Defensive back/secondary	15
Offense	56 (48.3% of 116)
Offensive line	30
Running back	7
Wide receiver	6
Tight end	8
Quarterback	5
Special Teams	0 (0.0% of 116)
Operatively Treated	126 (48.8% of 258)
Age	26.8 ± 3.3 years [22.0-37.0]
BMI	32.5 ± 4.0 [25.3-43.1]
Defense	98 (77.8% of 126)
Defensive line	26
Linebacker	46
Defensive back/secondary	26
Offense	27 (21.4% of 126)
Offensive line	18
Running back	5
Wide receiver	0
Tight end	1
Quarterback	3
Special Teams	1 (0.8% of 126)

Player demographics in the overall group and between operatively treated and nonoperatively treated players. There were a total of 258 injuries; however, 16 players had unknown treatments, leaving a total of 242 players with known operative or nonoperative treatment.

BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation,

Of the 48.8% players (126 of 258) that were operatively treated, 95.2% (120 of 126) had grade III injuries. 4.2% of operatively treated injuries (5 of 126) were grade II tears, while none were grade I. Of the 45.0% of players nonoperatively treated (116 of 258), no athlete possessed a grade III injury. Of the nonoperatively treated injuries, 76.7% (89 of 116) were grade I tears and 23.3% (27 of 116) were grade II tears (Table 2).

Table 2

Pectoralis Major Tear Degree by Treatment Received

	Total Players	Grade I Tear	Grade II tear	Grade III Tear	Unknown Tear Degree
Operative treatment	126 (48.8%)	0	5 (4.2%)	120 (95.2%)	1 (0.8%)
Nonoperative treatment	116 (45.0%)	89 (76.7%)	27 (23.3%)	0	0

The degree of tears that operatively and nonoperatively treated players sustained.

Overall, 85.3% players (220 of 258) returned to competition following PM injury, with a mean time to RTP of 165.8 ± 147.9 days (range 2-668 days). Athletes undergoing repair had a RTP rate of 78.6% (CI 70.4-85.4%) versus 95.7% (CI 90.2-98.6%) for nonoperatively treated players (P < .005). One player with a complete tear had RTP of 14 days due to desire to play through the rest of his season with the injury before undergoing elective repair at the conclusion of the season. RTP timing was also significantly different in operatively treated players returning at 289.5 (CI 269.5-309.5) days post-injury versus nonoperatively treated players returning at 47.4 (CI 33.9-60.9) days post-injury (P < .001). Athletes with higher injury grades (grades II and III) had reduced RTP rates, with athletes with grade I injuries possessing a RTP rate of 97.8%, grade II injuries having a RTP of 87.9%, and grade III injuries having a RTP of 78.0%. Additionally, higher grades of injury were associated with longer RTP, with grade I injuries having mean RTP timing of 30.4 ± 42.5 days (range, 2-259 days), 117.4 ± 111.5 days (range, 6-420 days) for grade II injuries, and 297.5 ± 89.1 days (range, 69-668 days) for grade III injuries. Cumulative RTP analysis demonstrated significantly longer RTP time for athletes undergoing surgical repair versus nonoperatively treated athletes (P < .001, Fig 1) and for athletes with grade II and grade III injuries compared to grade I injuries (P < .001 for both, Fig 2).

Fig 1

The Kaplan-Meier survivorship analysis of return-to-play of operatively treated versus nonoperatively treated players with pectoralis major injuries. P value is from a log-rank test between both groups.

Fig 2

The Kaplan-Meier survivorship analysis of return-to-play of players with grade 1 (strains), grade 2 (partial tear), and grade 3 (full tear) pectoralis major injuries. P value is from log-rank test between each group.

Regarding playing time, when all players were considered as a group, athletes played in fewer games both in their first and second post-injury seasons compared to pre-injury season (Table 3). However, when analyzed alone, operatively treated players did not play in significantly fewer games during either their first or second postinjury seasons compared to preinjury seasons. Additionally, athletes undergoing nonoperative management and athletes with grade II injuries played in significantly fewer games in the first postinjury season; however, this difference was not present during the second postinjury season. Overall, defensive athletes played in significantly fewer games in both their first and second seasons post-injury, whereas linebackers and quarterbacks only played in significantly fewer games in their first post-injury seasons (Table 4). Additionally, defensive linemen played in significantly fewer games in their second, but not first, postinjury seasons. Although nonoperatively treated players played in significantly fewer games in the first postinjury season 1 (P = .043), they returned to preinjury levels at the second postinjury season (P = .795). Operatively treated players averaged 2.22 (CI 1.84-2.60) postinjury seasons whereas nonoperatively treated players averaged 2.65 (CI 2.18-3.12) seasons. Survival analysis showed no difference in retirement survival between operative and nonoperative players (P = .980), as well as for degree of injury (P = .540).

Table 3

Percentage of Games Played by Treatment and Tear Degree∗

	Preinjury Season	Postinjury Season 1	P Value†	Postinjury Season 2	P Value†
All injuries	81.7%(78.4-85.0)	77.9% (73.5-82.3)	.017	79.4% (75.0-83.8)	.022
Nonoperative	84.7% (80.4-89.1)	78.8% (72.3-85.2)	.043	82.6% (76.8-88.4)	.392
Operative	79.5% (74.4-84.6)	78.4 % (72.3-84.5)	.280	76.6% (69.6-83.6)	.059
Grade 1 tear	81.7% (76.6-86.8)	79.4% (72.0-86.8)	.350	81.1% (74.1-88.1)	.360
Grade 2 tear	88.5% (79.4-97.6)	78.5% (66.4-90.6)	.041	80.5% (68.1-92.9)	.372
Grade 3 tear	79.8% (74.9-84.7)	77.3% (71.0-83.6)	.176	78.2% (71.4-85.0)	.080

The percentage of games played by players before injury, 1 season after injury, and 2 seasons after injury stratified by operative versus nonoperative treatment and degree of tear. Bold indicates P < .05.

95% confidence intervals are expressed parenthetically following means.

P-values are from 2-sample paired t-tests to the preinjury season.

Table 4

Percentage of Games Played by Position∗

	Pre-Injury Season	Post-Injury Season 1	P-value†	Post-Injury Season 2	P-value†
Overall defense	83.4% (79.6-87.2)	79.0% (73.9-84.1)	.018	81.2% (76.1-86.3)	.032
Defensive line	86.3% (79.7-92.9)	79.7% (71.4-88.0)	.097	76.9% (68.6-85.2)	.005
Defensive back	77.8% (68.7-86.9)	79.5% (67.6-91.4)	.920	82.9% (70.2-95.6)	.747
Linebacker	83.9% (78.6-89.2)	78.1% (70.2-86.0)	.019	83.3% (75.8-90.8)	.179
Overall offense	78.1% (71.8-84.4)	75.4% (67.0-83.8)	.430	76.3% (67.8-84.8)	.378
Offensive line	83.4% (76.0-90.8)	76.6% (65.7-87.5)	.230	83.9% (73.4-94.4)	.419
Quarterback	45.5% (12.9-78.1)	43.8% (-5.8-93.4)	.041	34.4% (-15.2-84.0)	.372
Running back	75.0% (57.1-92.9)	86.8% (68.3-105.3)	.458	75.0% (52.1-97.9)	.949
Tight end	87.5% (68.4-106.6)	67.9% (35.0-100.8)	.370	82.3% (63.1-101.5)	1.000
Wide receiver	78.6% (55.0-102.2)	95.0% (84.9-105.1)	.405	85.0% (54.6-115.4)	.742

The percentage of games played by players pre-injury, 1 season post-injury, and 2 seasons post-injury stratified by position. Bold indicates P < .05.

95% confidence intervals are expressed parenthetically following means. There were too few players for special teams analysis.

P values are from 2-sample paired t-tests to the preinjury season.

For both operatively and nonoperatively treated players, PER was not significantly different at the first and second postinjury seasons. Additionally, for each grade of injury, PER was not significantly different at the first and second postinjury seasons. However, when all injuries were combined, there was a significantly improved PER when comparing PER in the first and second postinjury seasons (1.07, CI .62-1.51 vs 1.19, CI .60-1.70) (P = .022), indicating that athletes generally improved in performance in the subsequent season after returning to play when compared to the first postinjury season. Preinjury PER of athletes sustaining injuries that required operative treatment was significantly lower than that of athletes who had nonoperative injuries (P = .004). PER scores were significantly lower for overall defensive players and defensive backs in the first post-injury seasons (Table 5). PER scores were significantly lower for defensive linemen and wide receivers in the second post-injury seasons (Table 5). Defensive linemen also had significantly lower PFF player grades in the second postinjury seasons (66.6 points, CI 63.4-69.8 vs 62.8 points, CI 59.2-66.4) (P = .044). However, none of the other positions had significantly different PFF player grades after injury.

Table 5

Player Efficiency Rating (PER) by Player Position∗

	Pre-Injury Season	Post-Injury Season 1	P Value†	Post-Injury Season 2	P Value†
Overall defense	.32 (.26-.37)	.28 (.23-.34)	.046	.29 (.21-.37)	.068
Defensive line	.38 (.29-.47)	.335 (.22-.45)	.451	.27 (.18-.37)	.019
Defensive back	.35 (.22-.49)	.25 (.13-.38)	.049	.34 (.09-.58)	.245
Linebacker	.250 (.18-.32)	.263 (.19-.33)	.535	.284 (.17-.40)	.916
Overall offense	4.74 (2.81-6.67)	2.61 (.41-4.80)	.653	2.79 (1.37-4.21)	.401
Offensive line‡	--	--		--
Quarterback	10.36 (2.92-17.80)	11.05 (-1.19-23.30)	.825	7.53 (-.14-15.20)	.081
Running back	4.45 (.41-8.48)	6.58 (1.46-11.69)	.467	7.56 (1.80-13.30)	.562
Tight end	1.99 (-1.01-5.00)	2.72 (-.32-5.76)	.770	2.99 (-1.41-7.40)	.778
Wide receiver	6.68 (3.20-10.20)	5.24 (.63-9.84)	.291	3.58 (-.63-7.79)	.030

The Player Efficiency Rating of players before injury, 1 season after injury, and 2 seasons after injury stratified by player position.

Bold indicates P < .05.

95% confidence intervals are expressed parenthetically following means. There were too few players for special teams analysis.

P-values are from 2-sample paired t-test to the pre-injury season.

PER Score not applicable.

Discussion

Regarding PM tears in NFL players, operatively treated players had both a significantly lower and longer RTP time when compared to athletes undergoing conservative management. However, this may be due to the severity of injury, rather than the treatment itself, because the majority of operatively treated injuries were grade III injuries. It is important to note that PM injury grading was primarily determined by news reports, and, if news was unavailable, then it was estimated on the basis of treatment. Athletes with a higher injury grade also possessed a longer time to RTP. Concerning player performance, PER scores were not significantly different 1 or 2 seasons postinjury after operative or nonoperative treatment, suggesting that treatment may equalize player performance potential. This may be further supported by the finding that operatively treated players did not play in significantly fewer games in their first or second postinjury seasons. Similarly, career survivorship was not dependent on injury grade or injury management.

This study demonstrates that only defensive linemen and wide receivers had significant performance reductions within the first 2 postinjury seasons. The differential effect of PM injury on performance based on position may be related to the varying demands that each position requires of the upper extremity. For defensive lineman, blocking and tackling are essential skills. Tackling and blocking requires forceful shoulder flexion in an extended, abducted, and externally rotated position, which eccentrically loads the PM., Thus persistent weakness in the PM muscle may limit the blocking or tackling potential of an NFL athlete. Alternately, for wide receivers, PM activation may be necessary in high-speed catching or in stabilizing the shoulder girdle during a stiff-arm fend.

The present study demonstrated an overall RTP after PM injury to be 85.3%. However, operatively treated players had significantly reduced RTP rate when compared with nonoperatively treated players. As previously discussed, this difference is likely due to the greater magnitude of injury sustained by players requiring operative treatment (Table 2). In a systematic review, Yu et al reported that 90% of patients undergoing PM repair successfully returned to sport, with most of those patients being weightlifters. However, only 8% of these were professional athletes. The relatively lower RTP of 78.6% in operatively treated NFL athletes in this study is likely due to the high physical demands of professional American football. Similarly, Wise and Gallo reported an 85.4% RTP in 55 NFL players with PM ruptures. Recently, Sahota et al. examined the incidence of PM injuries, including strains, partial tears, and complete ruptures, from the 2000-2014 NFL seasons. Similar to the present study, Sahota et al. identified that operatively treated PM injuries resulted in significantly longer RTP times as compared to nonoperatively treated injuries. Sahota et al. identified mean days missed because of PM strains to be 28.3 days, and ruptures to be 129.6 days. This was less than the time to RTP reported for both types of injuries in this study. This difference may be due to the strict definition of RTP used in this study, which is the point at which the player returned to full competition, versus days missed due to injury used in Sahota et al. Additionally, Sahota et al. classified both grade I and grade II injuries as strains and only examined injuries between 2000 to 2014. Nonetheless, the difference between RTP in operatively versus nonoperatively treated players in both the present study and the work of Sahota et al. demonstrates that higher grade injuries are more likely to require operative treatment and thus result in a longer RTP. Moreover, our data highlight that grade III injuries are associated with operative treatment, as no nonoperatively treated players had grade III injuries, whereas 95.2% of operatively treated players had grade III injuries.

We found that most players returned to baseline function by 1 or 2 seasons after injury with the exception of defensive linemen and wide receivers. Previous studies have examined functional outcome, with respect to percent of pre-injury bench-press, in the general population.,,,45, 46, 47 Others have also reported excellent outcomes after PM injuries undergoing operative treatment in active-duty United States military personnel and military academy students.48, 49, 50, 51 Recently, Liu et al. demonstrated significantly reduced PM strength after PM injury at a mean 2-year follow-up, which is consistent with previous studies.,, A prior study demonstrated that up to 40% of surgically treated recreational athletes had a greater than 20% deficiency of isokinetic strength when compared to the uninjured contralateral side. This persistent loss of strength following operative treatment may explain the performance decrease following injury in some NFL players, especially for defensive players who need to tackle. Despite this, we demonstrate that repair of higher-grade injuries may be career preserving, because there was no difference between operatively and nonoperatively managed players. Thus, although there may be a persistent loss of strength after repair, this difference likely does not significantly impact the length of players’ careers.

Limitations

This study is not without limitations. An inherent limitation of this study is the use of public databases to capture PM injuries. There were several NFL injuries classified as “undisclosed” or “chest” injuries that were unable to be confirmed as PM injuries. Nonetheless, the use of multiple public databases with weekly injury reports and press releases in this study allowed for us to capture all reported PM injuries, and this method has been widely reported in the literature.,34, 35, 36,, Furthermore, degree of PM injury was estimated on the basis of the news reports and, if unavailable, treatment versus physical examination and magnetic resonance imaging as has been reported using the NFL Injury Surveillance System. This makes our grading system inherently more biased than medical imaging, which we did not have access to. Nevertheless, we believe that our grading technique is still valid as many press releases specified the degree of PM injury that the player had. Also, data on surgical techniques, instrumentations and the incidence of perioperative complications were not publicly available.

Conclusions

NFL athletes requiring PM repair may experience a lower likelihood of RTP, and longer RTP timing, likely because of higher-grade injuries. Defensive linemen and wide receivers experiencing PM injuries are at risk for diminished performance after injury. Career length does not appear to be affected on the basis of injury management.