Bepridil, a class IV antiarrhythmic agent, can block the TREK-1 potassium channel.

BACKGROUND: The TWIK-related potassium channel (TREK-1) can be regulated by different stimuli. However, it is not clear whether some antiarrhythmics affect the activity of TREK-1. In the present study, the effect of bepridil on the TREK-1 currents is investigated.
METHODS: In a TREK-1 stably-expressed HEK-293 cell line (HEK-TREK-1), U251MG cells, and isolated mouse ventricular myocytes, the TREK-1 current and action potentials were recorded by the patch-clamp technique. The standard voltage protocol was a 200 ms constant potential at 20 mV, followed bya 500 ms ramp from -90 to +20 mV (HEK-TREK-1) or +80 mV (U251MG cells and myocytes) every 10 s. The currents at +20 mV or +80 mV were used for analysis. The docking study of bepridil's binding model in the TREK-1 channel was performed using the Swissdock web service.
RESULTS: In HEK-TREK-1 cells, BL1249 induced a significantly large outwardly rectifying current with similar baseline TREK-1 current characteristic, with a reversal potential (-70 mV). The concentration of half-maximal activation (EC50) of BL1249 was 3.45 µM. However, bepridil decreased the baseline TREK-1 currents, with a concentration of half-maximal inhibition (IC50) 0.59 µM and a Hill coefficient of 1.1. Also, bepridil inhibited BL1249-activated TREK-1 currents, with an IC50 4.08 µM and a Hill coefficient of 3.22. The outside-out patch-clamp confirmed bepridil inhibited BL1249-activated TREK-1 currents. In U251MG cells and myocytes, BL1249 activated outwardly rectifying endogenous TREK-1 currents, which could be inhibited by bepridil. BL1249 (10 µM) could decrease the peak value and reduce the duration of the action potential. Bepridil (10 µM) prolonged the duration of action potential of myocytes. The docking study revealed that bepridil might affect the K+ pore domain and the M4 modulator pocket.
CONCLUSIONS: Bepridil may be a blocker for the TREK-1K+channel at a clinically therapeutic concentration, providing a new mechanism of TREK-1 regulation and bepridil's antiarrhythmic effect. 2021 Annals of Translational Medicine. All rights reserved.

Introduction

The TWIK-related potassium channel (TREK-1) is an extensively studied member of the two-pore domain (K2P) K+ channel superfamily (1,2). K2P channels share the same general structure, including four transmembrane helices (M1–M4) and two-pore domains (P1 and P2) (3,4). The TREK-1 channel can be activated by different stimuli, such as membrane stretch, intracellular acidification (5), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (like arachidonic acid or volatile anesthetics) (1,2). However, they are not blocked by conventional votage-gated K+ channel inhibitors (4-AP or TEA) and can be blocked by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (such as fluoxetine) (1), extracellular acidification (6), and some local anesthetics (7).

Recently, TREK-1 has been considered as a novel and major member of cardiac stretch-activated K+ channel current (8,9). The TREK-1-dependent pathway was found to be essential for normal sinoatrial node cell excitability (10). Lugenbiel et al. found that TREK-1 channels were suppressed in patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure (11). As for the relationship between cardiovascular drugs andTREK-1 channels, a study reported that carvedilol concentration-dependently inhibited TREK-1 channels with frequency independence (12). However, a study regarding the regulation of anti-arrhythmia agent on the activity of TREK-1 remains lacking.

Bepridil, a class IV antiarrhythmic agent, is a useful antiarrhythmic drug in the treatment of atrial fibrillation but exhibits adverse effects of proarrhythmia, such as torsades de pointes (TdP) and QT prolongation (13,14). In addition to its nonselective calcium channel blockade, bepridil can inhibit several K+ channels, including the rapidly- and slowly-activating delayed rectifier K+ channel currents (IKr with IC50 =13.2 µM and IKs with IC50 =6.2 µM) (15), BKca channels (IC50 =1.866 µM) (16), K(ATP) channels (IC50 =6.6 µM) (17), among others. The concentration relevant to the therapeutic plasma concentrations in clinical use was 2–3 µM (18). Since Ca2+ store-active drugs were reported to block TREK-1 channels (18,19), it is intriguing to investigate whether bepridil can regulate the TREK-1 activity at a clinically therapeutic concentration.

Furthermore, BL1249 has previously been validated to be specifically active in the TREK-1 channel, not only in heterologous expression systems but also in primary cells (20,21), which act on a gating mechanism involving a site located below the selectivity filter and the C-type gate (2). However, there is no study investigating whether bepridil can affect BL1249-activated TREK-1 current. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of bepridil on exogenous and endogenous basal and BL1249-activated TREK-1 channels using patch-clamp techniques. We present the following article in accordance with the ARRIVE reporting checklist (available at https://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-7971).

Methods

Cell culture

A TREK-1 stably-expressed HEK-293 cell line (described previously) was used (22). U251MG human glioblastoma cells were obtained from ATCC (USA). Both cells were maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 incubator. Fetal bovine serum (10% V/V), streptomycin (0.1 mg/mL), and penicillin (100 U/mL) were added into the DMEM.0.1% of Geneticin G-418 sulfate (purchased from Invitrogen, USA) was used to maintain the selected TREK-1 stably-expressed cells.

Isolation of cardiac myocytes

The cardiac myocytes were separated from the left ventricle of mice using the method reported by our previous study (23). Male Kunming mice at eight weeks old (20–40 g) were anesthetized with intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbitone sodium at a concentration of 30–40 mg/kg and heparin (100 U/kg). Next, the mice hearts were perfused with calcium-free Joklik MEM (Sigma) solution for 5 min, followed by collagenase digestion solution (1 mg/mL collagenase Π and 1 mg/mL bovine serum albumin) for about 15 minutes using a Langendorff apparatus at 37 °C. The left ventricles were sheared to 1 mm3 pieces and gently triturated to isolate the myocytes in KB solution (30 mM KCl, 35 mM KOH, 3 mM MgSO4, 50 mM L-glutamic acid, 0.5 mM EGTA, 20 mM taurine, 10 mM glucose, and 10 mM HEPES; adjustpH to 7.2 using KOH solution). More than three myocytes from three different mice were used for the following experiments.

Ethical statement: experiments were performed under a project license (No.: DWLL-2020-042) granted by the Animal Care Committee of Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, in compliance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the United States National Institutes of Health.

Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings

The whole-cell patch-clamp technique was described in our previously published papers (23). Trypsin was used to detach the cultured cells, which were planted onto glass coverslips at least 30 min prior to patch clamp recordings and continuously perfused with the standard bath solution (SBS). Whole-cell K+ currents were recorded at room temperature with a standard ramp-step protocol: a 200 ms step pulse to 20 mV, followed by a 500 ms ramp from –90 to +20 mV (HEK-293 cell) or +80 mV (U251MG cell and cardiac myocytes) every 10 s, from a holding potential of −90 mV. Electrical signal was amplified by a patch-clamp amplifier (EPC-10, HEKA, Lambrecht, Germany) and manipulated by Pulse software (HEKA, Lambrecht, Germany). The currents at +20 mV or +80 mV were recorded to analyze the differences between different treatments, and the currents of ramp pulse were used for I–V relationship analysis.

For dose-dependent analysis, the cells were perfused with SBS and a series of different concentrations of BL1249 or bepridil (0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 µM). The concentrations were determined according to previous studies; the highest concentration of bepridil was usually 10 µM and IC50 toIKs =6.2 µM (15), IC50 to BKca channels =1.866 µM (16), and IC50 to K(ATP) channels =6.6 µM (17). The mean current of more than three cells from three different experiments was recognized as the final channel current of each experiment. The Origin and IGOR software were used to analyze all recordings. To normalize the membrane currents to cell size, the currents were divided by the capacitances of cell membrane to obtain the current density (pA/pF).

Excised outside-out patch-clamp

Excised outside-out patch-clamp configurations were made according to previous studies (24,25). In the outside-out patch-clamp, the pipette solution was identical to the whole-cell patch, and the perfusion solution was SBS. The recording protocol was also the same as the standard ramp-step protocol used in the whole-cell patch.

Action potential recording

In the whole-cell and current-clamp modes, the action potential was induced by 1.5 times the threshold depolarization current (800–1,000 pA, duration 10 ms).

Docking model of bepridil binding in the TREK-1 channel

A target protein structure of TREK-1 (PDB# 6CQ6) was selected in the Protein Data Bank (PDB, http://www.pdb.org) (26). The structure of bepridil (ZINC3812918) was obtained from the ZINC database (27). Docking steps were performed using the SwissDock molecular docking web service (http://www.swissdock.ch/docking) (28). The results were downloaded and visualized in the UCSF Chimera program (29).

Reagents and solutions

SBS was constituted as follows: NaCl (140 mM), KCl (5 mM), MgCl2 (1 mM), CaCl2 (2 mM), HEPES (10 mM), and glucose (10 mM). The pH of SBS was adjusted to 7.4 by adding NaOH (2 mM) and the osmolarity was adjusted to 290 mOsm using D-Mannitol. The pipette solution was constituted as follows: 10 mM NaCl, 117 mM KCl, 2 mM MgCl2, 10 mM HEPES, and 10 mM EGTA (adjust pH to 7.2 by adding 2 mM KOH); and 5 mM Na2ATP was added during AP recording. BL1249 and bepridil were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and diluted in SBS immediately before each experiment. All reagents were purchased from Sigma Aldrich.

Data and statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 23.0 software according to our previous studies. Means ± standard deviation was used to present the data. One-way ANOVA with a post-hoc comparison was used for comparing differences among the different treatments. Sigmaplot software was used to calculate the EC50 (the concentration of half-maximal activation) or the IC50 (the concentration of half-maximal inhibition). The fitting curves for concentration-response was from this equation: I = a/[1 + (EC50/concentration)nH], ‘a’ was the current at +20 mV and nH was the Hill coefficient. The fitting curves for concentration-inhibition was from this equation: f = a/[1 + (IC50/D)nH], where ‘a’ was the current at +20 mV and D was the fractional block obtained at various drug concentrations. Statistical significance was regarded as P<0.05.

Results

Verification of TREK-1 currents in stably-expressed HEK-293 cells

We observed that inTREK-1 stably-expressed HEK-293 cells, the whole-cell patch-clamp recorded the baseline outward rectified currents. The I–V relationship revealed the reversal potential of the currents was −70 mV, approaching the K+ equilibrium potential (). We also found BL1249, a putative activator of the TREK-1 channel (30), activated a significantly large outwardly rectifying current with similar characteristics of baseline current (). The EC50 of BL1249 was 3.22 µM (). However, conventional votage-gated K+ channel inhibitors 4-AP and TEA could not affect the currents (data not shown). The basal current was 10.33±3.53 pA/pF, and the currents (pA/pF) at 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 µM BL1249 were 17.25±10.13, 23.57±15.39, 126.81±134.10, 304.24±163.98, and 508.49±200.94, respectively.

Figure 1

TREK-1 currents in stably-expressed HEK-293 cells (n=3–5). (A) A standard ramp-step protocol and representative traces of baseline and BL1249-activated TREK-1 currents: a 200 ms step pulse to 20 mV, subsequent a 500 ms ramp from −90 to +20 mV with an interval of 10 s and a holding potential of −90 mV. (B) The relevant current-voltage (I–V) relationship at the last sweeps of different treatments recorded with the standard ramp-step protocol; the currents displayed significantly outward rectified characteristic, the reversal potential was −70 mV, approaching the potassium equilibrium potential. (C) Concentration-dependent fitting curves of BL1249 activation, EC50 =3.22 µM. *P<0.05, comparing data at different treatments with that of TREK-1 stably-expressed HEK-293 cells in SBS; #P<0.05, comparing data at different treatments with that of wild-type HEK-293 cells in SBS.

Effect of bepridil on the TREK-1 activity in TREK-1 stably-expressed HEK-293 cells

We found that bepridil (10 µM) could quickly decrease the baseline TREK-1 currents (). Concentration-dependence analysis demonstrated that the IC50 of bepridil’s blockade to baseline TREK-1 was 0.59 µM and the Hill coefficient (nH) was 1.1 (). The basal current was 51.28±45.66 pA/pF, and the currents (pA/pF) at 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 µM bepridil were 47.54±49.83, 34.39±33.33, 17.85±11.56, 8.93±0.45, and 1.03±0.21, respectively.

Figure 2

Effect of bepridil on the baseline TREK-1 activityin the whole-cell patch-clamp (n=3–5). (A) A standard ramp-step protocol and representative traces of baseline- and bepridil-regulated TREK-1 currents: a 200 ms step pulse to 20 mV, subsequent a 500 ms ramp from –90 to +20 mV with an interval of 10 s and a holding potential of −90 mV. (B) Time series analysis of bepridil (10 µM) on the basal TREK-1 currents. (C) The relevant current-voltage (I–V) relationship at the last sweep of different bepridil concentrations using the standard ramp-step protocol. (C) Concentration-dependent fitting curves of bepridil inhibition, IC50 =0.59 µM, and Hill coefficient =1.1. *P<0.05, comparing data at different treatments with that in SBS.

Bepridil (10 µM) also decreased BL1249 (10 µM)-activated TREK-1 currents (). Concentration-dependence analysis demonstrated the IC50 of bepridil’s blockade to BL1249-activated TREK-1 was 4.078 µM and the Hill coefficient (nH) was 3.2 ().

Figure 3

Effect of bepridil on BL1249 induced TREK-1activity (n=3–5). (A) A standard ramp-step protocol and representative traces of BL1249 (10 µM)- and bepridil (10 µM)-regulated TREK-1 currents: a 200 ms step pulse to 20 mV, subsequent a 500 ms ramp from –90 to +20 mV with an interval of 10 s and a holding potential of −90 mV. (B) The whole-cell patch-clamp, relevant current-voltage (I–V) relationship at the last sweep of BL1249 (10 µM) and bepridil (10 µM) obtained with the standard ramp-step protocol. (C) Concentration-dependent fitting curves of bepridil inhibition of the BL1249-activated TREK-1 current at +20 mV, IC50 =4.078 µM, Hill coefficient =3.22. (D) The outside-out patch-clamp, current-voltage (I–V) relationships at the last sweep of BL1249 (10 µM) and bepridil (10 µM) obtained with the standard ramp-step protocol. *P<0.05, comparing data at different treatments with that in SBS; #P<0.05, compared data at different treatments with that inBL1249.

However, bepridil (10 µM) only partly inhibited BL1249 (10 µM)-activated TREK-1 compared with the baseline TREK-1 currents (, ). The IC50 of bepridil on the basal current (0.59 µM with a Hill coefficient of 1.1) was markedly different from the IC50 of bepridil on the BL1249-induced current. When treated with higher concentrations of bepridil, the HEK-293 cells were not tolerant to the stimulation.

In addition, the outside-out patch-clamp configuration confirmed that bepridil could inhibit BL1249-induced TREK-1 currents (). The negative control reagent, DMSO, did not affect all experiments.

Effect of bepridil on the TREK-1 activityin U251MG cells

In another experiment, we detected TREK-1 expression in U251MG cells (Supplemental data). We found that BL1249 (30 µM) activated a considerably large outwardly rectifying TREK-1 current (). At times, BL1249 (10 µM) was insufficient to induce TREK-1current (data not shown). Bepridil (10 µM) decreased BL1249 (30 µM)-activated TREK-1 currents (). The basal current was 335.89±141.27 pA/pF, and the BL1249 (30 µM)-induced current was 1,543.14±124.88 pA/pF, which was decreased to 921.95±841.79 pA/pF by bepridil (, P<0.05).

Figure 4

Effect of bepridil on TREK-1 activityin U251MG cells (n=3–5). A, Time-series changes of currents at +80 mV. (B,C) The relevant current-voltage (I–V) relationship at the end of BL1249 (30 µM) and bepridil (10 µM) treatment obtained with the standard ramp-step protocol. BL1249 (30 µM) activated a very large outwardly rectifying TREK-1 current. (D) Statistical results of currents at +80 mV; bepridil (30 µM) decreased BL1249 (10 µM)-activated TREK-1 currents. The raw data was normalized current by calculating the ratio between the current with different drugs and the same cell’s basal current. *P<0.05, comparing data at different treatments with that in SBS; #P<0.05, compared data at different treatments with that in BL1249.

Effect of bepridil on TREK-1 activity in cardiac myocytes

In mouse ventricular myocytes, BL1249 (10 µM) activated a significantly large outwardly rectifying TREK-1current. The I–V relationship revealed the reversal potential of the current was −80 mV, approaching the K+ equilibrium potential of cardiacmyocytes, which could be inhibited by bepridil (10 µM, ).

Figure 5

Effect of bepridil on TREK-1 activityin mouse ventricular myocytes (n=3-5). (A) representative traces of BL1249 (10 µM)- and bepridil (10 µM)-regulated TREK-1 currents, with a 200 ms step pulse to 80 mV, from a holding potential of −90 mV. B, Statistical analysis showed that BL1249 (10 µM) activated a very large outwardly rectifying TREK-1 current; there versal potential was −80 mV, approaching the K+ equilibrium potential; the current could be inhibited by bepridil (10 µM). (C) Action potential recording showed that BL1249 (10 µM) could decrease the peak value and reduce the duration of action potential; bepridil (10 µM) prolonged the action potential duration. The raw data was normalized current by calculating the ratio between the current with different drugs and the same cell’s basal current. *P<0.05, comparing data at different treatments with that in SBS; #P<0.05, compared data at different treatments with that in BL1249.

We observed that BL1249 (10 µM) could decrease the peak value (−5.02±50.72 mV, P<0.05) and reduce the duration of action potential (182.2±114.81 ms, P<0.05), compared with the control (33.58±45.54 mV and 356.65±65.56 ms, respectively). Compared with the control and BL1249, bepridil (10 µM) increased the peak value of action potential (63.34±12.46 mV, P<0.05) and prolonged the duration of action potential (477±46.67 ms, P<0.05, ). When treated with both BL1249 and bepridil, the myocytes were not tolerant to the current stimulation. The resting membrane potential did not vary among the different treatment: SBS (−86.78±4.31 mV), BL1249 (10 µM, −87.36±6.70 mV), and BL1249 (10 µM, −85.25±2.39 mV).

Docking model of bepridil binding in theTREK-1 channel

Docking into 6CQ6 TREK-1 K2P2.1 (TREK-1) apo structure showed that bepridil was near the K+ P1 and P2 pore helix and the M4 modulator pocket ().

Figure 6

Predicted antagonist binding mode concerning the known TREK-1 modulator site. (A) 6CQ6 K2P2.1 (TREK-1) apo structure shows the K+ (highlighted in purple) pore helix; (B) docking of bepridil (highlighted in light blue) into the 6CQ6 TREK-1 channel; bepridil is near the P1 and P2 pore helix and the M4 modulator pocket; (C) merged docking structure; bepridil is proximal to the K+ pore; (D,E) enlarged view of the antagonist binding region, which confirms that bepridil is in the K+ pore and the M4 modulator pocket.

Discussion

Increasing evidence has demonstrated that TREK-1 channels play a key role in human cardiac arrhythmias' pathogenesis (8-10). Bepridil has been used as an antiarrhythmic drug with multiple effects on several ion channels (31-33). For the first time, our study revealed bepridil was able to inhibit TREK-1 currents in a concentration-dependent manner.

TREK-1 channels were initially found in the nervous system and play a key role in neuronal excitability, pain conduction, neuroprotection, and depression (34,35). Subsequently, TREK-1 channels were detected in intestinal smooth muscle (19), urinary bladder (30), heart (8), nasal epithelia (36), etc. Particularly, in the cardiovascular system, TREK-1 channels were expressed in atrial myocytes (10,11), ventricular myocytes (24), and mesenteric arteries (37). Since TREK-1 is a good candidate for background potassium currents and membrane potential in these cell types, it is clear that TREK-1 channels may have a critical role in regulating cardiac action potential duration and mediating the vasodilator response of resistance arteries to their stimuli of stretch, polyunsaturated fatty acids, intracellular and extracellular pH, and neurotransmitters (8-11). Therefore, TREK-1 may be a major therapeutic target to treat cardiovascular diseases.

However, the regulatory mechanism for TREK-1 channel activity is not entirely clear. Several studies have investigated how cardiovascular drugs affected the activity of the TREK-1 channel. Bond et al. found that noradrenaline inhibited the TREK potassium channel currents through β1- and β2-adreno receptor in the myocytes from rat atrium (38). As a β-receptor antagonist, carvedilol concentration-dependently inhibited TREK-1 and TREK-2 channels, a process that was modulated by alternative mRNA translation initiation (12). In a study about the effect of antiarrhythmic drugs on K2P channels, vernakalant was found to inhibit K2P2.1 (TREK-1) but did not significantly reduce K2P3.1 currents (39).

In the present study, the whole-cell patch clamp revealed that bepridil could inhibit both baseline and BL1249-activated TREK-1 currents in TREK-1 stably-expressed HEK-293 cells. The bepridil inhibition was concentration-dependent, with an IC50 0.59 µM (baseline) and 4.08 µM (BL1249 activated). Compared with the baseline inhibition, bepridil at 10 µM only partly blocked the BL1249-activated TREK-1 current. This different inhibition effect might result from the reverse use dependence of bepridil, which is a characteristic of most potassium channel blockers (as class III antiarrhythmic drugs) (40). In addition, Wang et al. found that bepridil might inhibit IKs by interacting with the channel molecule one for one, with an IC50 6.2 µM (15). High concentrations (>10 µM) of bepridil were found to depress IKr, with an IC50 13.2 µM and Hill coefficient 3.03, suggesting the inhibition might resulted from a cooperative way between the two molecules. In our study, the Hill coefficient for bepridil inhibition of basal TREK-1 current was 1.1, and 3.22 for bepridil inhibition of BL1249-activated TREK-1 current. Furthermore, the outside patch-clamp confirmed that bepridil could inhibit TREK-1 currents. These results suggested that bepridil might block the TREK-1 channel directly at a clinically therapeutic concentration.

To confirm these results, we investigated the effect of bepridil on the endogenous TREK-1 channel. In U251MG cells, BL1249 also activated an outwardly rectifying TREK-1current, which could be inhibited by bepridil. In mouse ventricular myocytes, BL1249 activated a significantly large outwardly rectifying TREK-1 current, which could be inhibited by bepridil (10 µM). Our results demonstrated that bepridil might be a blocker of the TREK-1 channel.

Moreover, we evaluated the role of TREK-1 in the electrophysiology of cardiacmyocytes. BL1249 (10 µM) could decrease the peak value and reduce the duration of the action potential. A similar finding was also demonstrated in previous studies. TREK-1 KO cardiacmyocytes reportedly exhibited action potential duration (APD) prolongation (41). Sinoatrial node cells displayed defects in cell electrophysiology and a loss of normal TREK-1 membrane localization in cardiac-specific TREK-1 deficient mice (10). These results suggested that TREK-1 could regulate the resting membrane potential and excitability of cardiacmyocytes.

Due to intolerance of the current stimulation with both BL1249 and bepridil, we could not explore the direct effect of bepridil on TREK-1-induced action potential changes. A possible reason might be that bepridil induced selective apoptosis, even in the presence of the protective stroma (42). However, bepridil alone prolonged the duration of action potential. Bepridil has been found to prolong the action potential duration of the ventriculus from guinea pigs, dogs, or rabbits (43). In patients with paroxysmal AF, bepridil (172±26 mg/day) markedly prolonged the monophasic action potential durations and QT intervals (13). A possible mechanism for this phenomenon was that bepridil might act as a multi-K+ channel blocker. Bepridil was initially developed as a calcium channel blocker used to treat angina. It subsequently was found to inhibit several potassium channels, including stretch-activated BKca channels (16) and inward-rectifier potassium current (44). When bepridil was added in the culture medium for 24 h, it could reduce IK1 inneonatal cardiacmyocytes with IC50=2.7 µM (44). When being docked into 6CQ6 TREK-1 K2P2.1 apo structure, bepridil was space-filling to the P1 and P2 pore domain, and the M4 modulator pocket, which had been verified to be the key modulator of TREK-1 (45). Therefore, our results, coupled with those of previous studies, provide a new mechanism of bepridil’s multiple nonselective effects on several ion channels and proarrhythmia.

Also, TREK-1 was studied to have a vital role in several cardiovascular diseases. Atrial KCNK2 (TREK-1) mRNA and protein expression were significantly reduced in patients with impaired left ventricular function (46). In atrial fibrillation subjects, down-regulation of atrial and ventricular KCNK2 mRNA and protein levels was observed. TREK-1 gene was heterozygously mutated in a patient with idiopathic right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia (47). Moreover, the up-regulation of TREK-1 mRNA expression has been detected in rat ventriculus suffered from TAC-induced pressure overload (8). These findings, coupled with our results, reveal the effect of TREK-1 on regulating the action potential of cardiacmyocytes and the blockade of bepridil to TREK-1 at a clinically therapeutic concentration, which provides important evidence that identifies the role of TREK-1 in cardiovascular diseases and therapy.

Conclusions

Bepridil may be a blocker for the Trek-1 K+ channel at a clinical therapeutic concentration, which provided a new mechanism of Trek-1 channel regulation and bepridil’s antiarrhythmic effect.

The article’s supplementary files as