Effect of Balneotherapy on Chronic Low Back Pain at Hot Springs in Southern Ethiopia: Perceived Improvements from Pain.

BACKGROUND: Low back pain (LBP) is an important musculoskeletal condition results in clinical, social and public health problems globally. Hydrotherapy, using water and heat together can be utilized to treat conditions, relieve pain and increase muscular power and a range of joint movement in patients with chronic lower back pain. Most patients with acute LBP improve spontaneously within four weeks; however, chronic LBP is extremely common and usually mechanical in nature.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the current study was to assess effect of balneotherapy in decreasing the lower back pain and its improvements among adults using a spa in southern Ethiopia.
METHODS: We employed a single arm cohort study and convenient sampling method to select 442 study participants from four hot springs located in Sidama Region and Gedeo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Structured and pretested questionnaire was used and administered face-to-face by trained data collectors. Data were entered using EpiData and transferred to SPSS for cleaning and analysis. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were made.
RESULTS: A total of 427 participants were included in the study giving response rate of 96.6%. The mean (standard deviation) age of respondents was 42.55 (±14.92) years. Perceived improvement from back pain was 332 (77.8%) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of 74-82%. Factors showing association with perceived improvement from back pain after spa therapy were, study site being near Hawassa (Burkitu) with crude odds ratio (COR) of 3.3 and 95%CI: 1.83-5.98 and p-value <0.001; and sex of respondents that the odds of perceived improvements among males were about twofold compared with females, (COR: 1.7, 95%CI: 1.07-2.74, p-value 0.025.
CONCLUSION: Our study shows significant perceived improvement from back pain after utilization of spa water. This is associated with type of hot spring used, male sex, and having neurological symptoms. Therefore, hot spring spa water had better therapeutic effect for back pain and emphasis should be given to integrate it with modern medicine and further experimental study to be conducted to recommend it for medical purposes.

Introduction

Musculoskeletal conditions, also called musculoskeletal disorders, consist of conditions where a part of the musculoskeletal system is injured or affected over time. Symptoms include pain, dysfunction or discomfort in the bones, joints, muscles, or surrounding structures, which can be acute or chronic, focal, or diffuse. The most frequent musculoskeletal disorders are osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, and low back pain (LBP).1

LBP is pain, muscle tension, or stiffness localized below the costal margin and above the inferior gluteal lines, with or without sciatica or nerve pain and defined as chronic when it lasts for 12 weeks or more.2 LBP is an important musculoskeletal condition that results in clinical, social and public health problems globally.3 It is the most common musculoskeletal complaint with lifetime incidence estimated at 80% and it is also a main cause of loss of work and has significant effects on the economy. Most patients with acute LBP improve spontaneously within four weeks; however, chronic LBP is extremely common and usually mechanical in nature.4 Attributing symptoms of low back pain to a specific disease or spinal pathology is a challenge.5 Spinal imaging abnormalities, such as degenerative disc disease, facet joint arthropathy, and bulging or herniated intervertebral discs, are extremely common in patients with or without low back pain, particularly in older adults, and such findings are poor predictors for the presence or severity of low back pain.6

The treatment for LBP includes pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapies. And, BT is one of the nonpharmacological therapies in thermal ground water. Ground water having minerals of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) drinking water standards and a temperature of above 40°C is considered as hot mineral spring water. The benefit of bathing in mineral spring water comes from the mineral contents and the temperature.7 Hot water springs (mineral and geothermal waters) are found all over the world at special geographical areas.8 The nature of the water in hot spring is usually alkaline, having acidic properties in some areas. The alkalinity of hot water springs is mainly the result of potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sodium ions.7 Moreover, the chemical component of the water changes according to the chemical constituent of the rocks over which the water flows.

The term balneotherapy (BT) (seated immersion or spa-therapy) is classically used in (Eastern) European countries for bathing in water without exercise. Often, natural mineral or thermal waters are used for bathing, drinking, and inhalation.9 BT is the use of mineral water for the treatment of wide range of diseases such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and LBP and has been practiced for a long time around the world.10,11 People usually use it to get relief from such pain, and studies show that improvement is often seen in the subacute phase between four and 12 weeks, although at a slower rate than observed at first.12

Other studies conducted in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip, knee, or lumbar spine also showed satisfactory results obtained with BT.13–16 In addition, a study to evaluate the importance of bathing in bicarbonate or baking soda water showed its help in the opening of peripheral blood vessels, and immune regulation in the skin respectively.17 For example, a trial conducted among patients with chronic lower back pain (CLBP) through use of spa therapy reported that it is beneficial for CLBP and proved to induce changes in proteins involved in functions such as gene expression modulation, differentiation, angiogenesis, tissue repair, acute and chronic inflammatory response.18 According to trial studies in Turkey and Bulgaria on combination therapy of BT, there was increased effectiveness of the treatment.19,20 Another study in Antsirabe, Madagascar, on water analysis and its application shows that BT is utilized in order to treat different pathologies, mainly musculoskeletal disorders, using different types of mineral waters, which are characterized by curative properties.21 Moreover, a systematic review and meta-analysis on effectiveness of spa therapy for patients with LBP confirmed that spa therapy can benefit, relieving pain and improving lumbar spine function among these patients.22

Different methods can be applied for treatment and management of CLBP, including pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments.18 A systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated that spa therapy may have short-term beneficial effects on pain relief and lumbar spine mobility improvement in patients with CLBP.14 Spa therapy is a nonpharmacological and widely used treatment,19 in which patients bathe in natural spring water with a temperature over 20°C and rich mineral contents for 20 to 30 min.

On immersion in spa water a fall in hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, red cell count, and albumin concentration was observed and also if the depth and temperature of the water are the same, the renal, hematological, and cardiac changes of immersion occur to the same degree in both media.23

These days, when warm water is readily obtained from springs in every country, the question arises of whether this warm mineral water is of any medical importance. For this reason, physicochemical analyses are the first step in order to discover these characteristics.21 Hydrotherapy, using water and heat together to treat conditions, relieve pain and increase muscular power and a range of joint movement, has been a mainstay of managing many medical conditions. These include arthritis, neurological conditions, and rehabilitation from sports injuries.21

Nowadays, clinicians make decisions about therapy using the available evidence known as evidence-based medicine (EBM). The evidence-based approach represents a return to the empirical process of gathering information and is a step away from or beyond the rational approach to choosing therapy that has been used in medical practice. Therefore, balneotherapy can be considered as one of the measures to decrease adverse drug reactions and the purpose of the current study was, therefore, to assess the effect of spa therapy in patients with chronic low back pain using BT in selected hot springs of southern Ethiopia.

Materials and Methods

Study Site and Period

The study was conducted in Berisso (Dilla woreda), Yirgalem (Yirgalem town), Burkitu (Hawassa city) and Shebele (Wondo woreda) hot water springs in Southern Ethiopia, from June 3-July 30, 2019. For this reason, physicochemical analyses were the first step in order to discover these characteristics as shown in Table 1. The hot springs were selected by their therapeutic composition of elements and ions. These hot springs were located in the Great Rift Valley of East Africa where more than 120 hot springs are located.

Table 1

Physicochemical Qualities of Studied Hot Springs Water in SNNPR, 2019

Parameters	Yirgalem (Yirgalem)	Shebele (Wondogenet)	Barsiso (Dilla)	Burkitu (Hawassa)	WHO	Unit
pH	7.9	8.3	7.56	6.9	(6.5–8.5)a
Temperature	42.8	60.2	51.4	60.2	35c	0c
Conductivity	292	665	2835	1266	(180–600)b	µs/cm
TDS	146	333	1417.5	633	1200b	mg/L
Turbidity	0.0	0.0	3.00	0.0	5 b	NTU
Total chlorine	0.04	0.0	0.08	0.02	5b	mg/L
Total hardness	45	60	40	70	300c	mg/L
Calcium hardness	25	30	30	50		mg/L
Magnesium hardness	20	30	10	20		mg/L
Total alkalinity	150	300	1200	600	200b	mg/L
Bicarbonate alkalinity	150	300	1200	600	–	mg/L
Dissolved NH3	0.00	0.45	0.33	0.46	1.5b	mg/L
NH4+ ammonium	0.00	0.58	0.35	0.60	1.5b	mg/L
Na+ sodium	50.7	86.2	587.3	258.6	200b	mg/L
K+ potassium	6.6	48.0	12	39.0	1.5b	mg/L
Ca+ calcium	10.0	12.0	12	20.0	75b	mg/L
Mg+ magnesium	4.9	7.3	2.4	4.9	50b	mg/L
Cl– chloride	1.3	3.0	1.3	1.3	250b	mg/L
F– fluoride	1.74	0.91	8.12	5.73	1.5b	mg/L
NO2– nitrite	0.02	0.03	0.03	0.05	3b	mg/L
NO3– nitrate	9.2	2.2	14.5	6.6	50b	mg/L
SO42– sulphate	1.0	1	80	61	400a	mg/L
PO43– phosphate	0.30	1.22	4.8	0.39	–	mg/L
HCO3– bicarbonate	183	366	1464	732	–

Source and Study Population

The source population was all BT users at the hot springs found in the Southern region during the study period. While the study population was those adults with LBP aged 18 years or more who were using BT at the selected hot springs in the study area during the study period.

Study Design

We conducted a single arm cohort study to observe patients’ improvement from their complaint after utilization of the spa for at least three days.

Sample Size Determination

The sample size for the study was determined using a single population proportion formula for the study objective. To our best knowledge there was no study conducted in these important areas and therefore, a maximum sample size (assumed level of improvement from CLBP disorders of 50%) formula was employed.

These are the assumptions: type I error (α) probability of 5% (two-tailed test); 95% confidence level; p 0.5 (proportion of improvement from pain); d (precision) 5%.

The sample size was 384. After considering 15% nonresponses and refusals, the total sample size required for the study was 442 persons.

Sampling Procedures

We used convenient sampling to include study subjects. This was considering the accessibility of the participants and time constraints. We had proportionally allocated study subjects to the four selected hot springs based on the client flow and availability of interested health problems. An average of 110 samples was allocated at each of the four sites. We had included patients aged 18 years or above with back pain until the required 442 sample size fulfilled. The diagnosis was made by health professionals based on their complaint.

Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria

Inclusion

We have included those clients with LBP persisting for 12 weeks and who were using the hot spring for health-related problem improvements and wanted to stay for at least three days or had already stayed three or more days at the start of interview to follow the change in symptoms (improvement from pain).

Exclusion

Cases other than back pain were excluded and those clients there for recreational purposes were also excluded. We have also excluded severely ill patients, those who were unwilling to participate and those who were unable to communicate from the study.

Variables

Dependent: improvement from sign/symptoms of LBP

Independent: sociodemographic factors, duration of illness, type of illness, type of hot springs (with their physicochemical properties)

Data Collection and Tools

Since musculoskeletal diseases are the most common conditions that are treated by hot springs internationally, a questionnaire that includes the signs, symptoms and laboratory investigations needed to diagnose these specific diseases with sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents was developed. The tool was pretested on 5% of the respondents from another hot spring (Alaba site) and then we modified it as needed. The selection of sites for the study was convenient considering the hot springs being used for balneotherapy. Proportional allocation of the sample to the study sites was used based on the client flow to collect the data over an eight-week period by deploying three data collectors and one supervisor for each target site. The recruitment of the data collection team was based on educational status (at least degree holders in health-related fields), and proficiency in the local languages, Sidamu Afo and Amharic. Prior to the data collection, two days training was provided for data collectors and supervisors.

Physical Examination (Diagnosis for LBP)

We made diagnosis of LBP based on medical history and physical exam. During the exam, a health-care provider asked about the onset, site, and severity of the pain; duration of symptoms and any limitations in movement; and history of previous episodes or any health conditions that might be related to the pain. Along with a thorough back examination, neurologic tests were conducted to determine the cause of pain and appropriate treatment. To classify the LBP as chronic, a pain duration of >12 weeks was considered.24

Analysis of Physicochemical Properties of Studied Hot Springs

The data collection procedures followed the recommendations of the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Sediments Manual of the American Public Health Association25 for sample container preparation, storage and transportation. Samples of water were collected from different points of the selected hot springs following the standard sampling guidelines and methods set by the World Health Organization26 and then analyzed according to procedures specified by APHA.25

Data Analysis

The data were entered using EpiData software version 3.1 and transferred to SPSS software version 25 for analyses. Data cleaning, recording and analysis were made using SPSS. Descriptive statistics were used to present sociodemographic and univariate results of BT use in patients using the spa and the data were coded by identifying those symptoms improved/not improved by balneotherapy and by considering the time factor. Finally, binary logistic regression analysis with 95%CI was used to examine the association between improvement/nonimprovement and hot springs having comparable elements and ions suitable for BT.

Operational Definitions

Low back pain is a posterior trunk pain between the ribcage and the gluteal folds. It also includes lower extremity pain that results from low back disorder. It can be acute LBP when the pain lasts <6 weeks duration; subacute when the pain lasts >6 weeks but <12 weeks duration, and called chronic LBP when the pain disabling the patient from life activities lasts >12 weeks.27

Balneotherapy (bathing in water) is a type of therapy that aims to reduce pain and improve daily functioning. Balneotherapy often takes place at centers with thermal baths or seawater baths.

Balneology is the scientific study of the therapeutic benefits of naturally occurring mineral waters. Throughout Europe and Japan, balneology and hot spring therapy has been incorporated within routine medical care treatments. Licensed doctors have now come to recognize the value of prescribing bathing in mineral waters as part of a preventative approach to illness.

Results

Sociodemographic Characteristics

A total of 442 selected participants, 427 of whom had back pain were included in the study, making a response rate of 97%. These patients were from four hot springs included in the study namely, Barsiso (Dilla)-145 (34%), Shebele (Wondogenet)-166 (27.2%), Burkitu (Hawassa) 86 (20.1%) and Yirgalem-80 (18.7%). Of this above half of the participants were aged over 40 years with mean (SD) of 42.55±14.92 years. Concerning the sex of respondents, males accounted for 661 (51.7%) and the majority (319, 74.7%) came from rural areas. Regarding levels of education, more than half (53.4%) had no formal education (Table 2).

Table 2

Sociodemographic Characteristics of Patients Who Used Balneotherapy in Southern Ethiopia, 2019

Variables	Categories	Frequency	Percent
Age	<30 years	92	21.5
	30–39 years	114	26.7
	40–49 years	84	19.7
	50–59 years	67	15.7
	≥60 years	70	16.4
Sex of respondents	Male	196	46
	Female	231	54
Place of residence	Rural	319	74.7
	Urban	108	25.3
Religion	Protestant	252	59.0
	Muslim	121	28.3
	Orthodox	49	11.5
	Others	5	1.2
Marital status	Married	367	85.9
	Single	30	7.0
	Widowed	27	6.3
	Divorced	3	0.7
Educational levels	Unable to read and write	165	38.6
	Read and write only	63	14.8
	Grade 1–8 (primary education)	141	33.0
	Grade 9–12 (secondary education)	42	9.8
	College, university	16	3.7
Occupation	Farmer	164	38.4
	Housewife	152	35.6
	Merchant	43	10.1
	Daily laborer	25	5.9
	Government/NGO employee	18	4.2
	Student	14	3.3
	Others	11	2.5
Average monthly income	<1000	141	33.0
	1000–2000	73	17.1
	2001–3000	58	13.6
	3001–5000	54	12.6
	>5000	101	23.7
Study site	Burkitu (Hawassa)	86	20.1
	Wondogenet (Shebele)	116	27.2
	Yirgalem (Yirgalem)	80	18.7
	Barsiso (Dilla)	145	34.0

Frequency of Visiting the Hot Springs, Duration of Use and Reason for Visiting

Patients were visiting the hot spring sites yearly in 155 (36.3%) of cases while, 136 (32%) had visited for the first time. One hundred and eighty-six (43.6%) of the patients were self-referred, 155 (36.3%) previous users, 84 (19.7%) referred by relatives or friends while, the remaining two (0.5%) by traditional healers. More than two-thirds (69.6%) of the patients used the BT for three to five days (Table 3).

Table 3

Frequency and Reasons for Visits and Duration of Stay Among Patients Who Use Balneotherapy in Southern Ethiopia 2019

Variables	Categories	Frequency	Percent
Frequency of visit	Daily	68	15.9
	Weekly	44	10.3
	Monthly	24	5.6
	Yearly	155	36.3
	For the first time	136	31.9
For how long did you use balneotherapy?	2 days	85	19.9
	3–5 days	297	69.6
	>5 days	45	10.5
How did you come here/visited here?	I myself	186	43.6
	Previous user	155	36.3
	Family/friends/neighbors	84	19.7
	Others (traditional healers)	2	0.5

LBP, Neurologic and Other Systemic Complaints of Patients Who Used BT

Patients were asked whether they had associated symptoms and signs with back pain and responded as summarized in Table 4. To mention some, nearly a third had tenderness in back joint, about one-fifth had back pain with joint stiffness, and about a quarter had weaknesses of the extremities.

Table 4

Back Pain, Neurologic, and Systemic Health Problems Among Patients Who Complain of Back Pain of Balneotherapy Users at Southern Ethiopia, 2019

Variables	Categories	Frequency	Percent
Have tenderness in the back joint	Yes	124	29.0
	No	303	71.0
Back pain with joint stiffness	Yes	76	17.8
	No	351	82.2
Swelling around the joint	Yes	20	4.7
	No	407	95.3
Have numbness/tingling paresthesia in the extremities	Yes	196	46.0
	No	231	54.0
Have weakness of extremities	Yes	107	25.0
	No	320	75.0
Any of systemic health problem, fever?	Yes	131	30.7
	No	296	69.3
Have headache?	Yes	220	51.5
	No	207	48.5

Improvement Status of the Patients After Using Balneotherapy

Of the total study participants who used balneotherapy 332 (77.8%) with 95%CI of 74–82% said they were completely relieved from back pain, while 95 (22.2%) of the patients had no change in pain level. Among those with improved pain half (50.5%) happened after two days of use, 123 (37%) after three days of use and the rest 43 (12.5%) after four or more days of balneotherapy use (Table 5).

Table 5

Therapeutics Effects of Hot Bath Among Patients Who Used Balneotherapy in Southern Ethiopia, 2019

Variables	Categories	Frequency	Percent
Relief from back pain after balneotherapy use	Yes	332	77.8
	No	95	22.2
After how many days you felt relief? (n=332)	After two days of use	168	50.5
	After three days of use	123	36.9
	After four or more days of use	43	12.6

Bivariate Analysis of Factors Associated with Improvement from LBP After BT Use

We assessed for association between sociodemographic and other factors with perceived improvement from low back pain among participants. Variables entered were site of hot springs, age, sex, place of residence, and presence of neurological symptoms. Hence, site of hot spring, sex of participants and having neurological symptoms were associated with perceived improvements. For example, the study site near Hawassa (Burkitu) shows an improvement from back pain with COR of 3.3 and 95%CI of 1.83–5.98 and p-value <0.001. Another factor showing association in bivariate analysis was sex of respondents that the odds of perceived improvements among males was about twofold compared with females, (COR: 1.7, 95%CI: 1.07–2.74, p-value=0.025). Finally, improvement from back pain having associated symptoms like numbness/tingling paresthesia was nearly twice (COR: 1.92, 95%CI:1.19–3.09, p-value <0.01) (Table 6)

Table 6

Bivariate Analysis of Factors Associated with Improvement from Back Pain After Balneotherapy Use

Variables	Perceived Relief from CLBP		COR (95%CI)	p-value
	Yes	No
	n (%)	n (%)
Study site (hot springs)				<0.001
Burkitu (Hawassa)	48 (55.8)	38 (44.2)	3.31 (1.83–5.98)	0.000
Bele (Wondogenet)	99 (85.3)	17 (14.7)	0.72 (0.37–1.39)	0.32
Yirgalem	68 (85)	12 (15)	0.74 (0.35–1.54)	0.41
Barsiso (Dilla)	117 (88.7)	28 (19.3)	1.00
Sex				0.025
Male	162 (82.7)	34 (17.3)	1.7 (1.07–2.74)
Female	170 (73.6)	61 (26.4)	1.00
Place of residence				0.598
Urban	82 (76)	62 (24)	0.87 (0.52–1.45)
Rural	250 (78.4)	69 (21.6)	1.00
Age categories				0.16
<30 years	74 (80.4)	18 (19.6)	1.00
30–39 years	79 (69.3)	35 (30.7)	1.82 (0.95–3.49)	0.07
40–49 years	67 (79.8)	17 (20.2)	1.04 (0.49–2.19)	0.91
50–59 years	55 (82)	12 (18)	0.89 (0.99–2.01)	0.79
≥60 years	57 (81.4)	13 (18.6)	0.94 (0.42–2.07)	0.87
Have numbness/tingling/paresthesia				0.007
Yes	164 (49.4)	32 (33.7)	1.92 (1.19–3.09)
No	168 (50.6)	63 (66.3)	1.00

Discussion

Our study assessed therapeutic properties and perceived improvement from lower back pain among adults using hot springs in Southern Ethiopia. Participants were asked about their pain condition at the initiation of bathing in the hot springs and followed for at least three days as per their willingness to stay and again asked their pain condition at the end of balneotherapy use. Accordingly, the majority (three-quarters) of the patients reported improvement from lower back pain after immersion in spa waters and this perceived relief from pain was as early as two days among half of the participants.

This finding is in line with the several systematic reviews on balneotherapy in medicine citing the beneficial effects of balneotherapy on several diseases and conditions.22,28,29 And also, as per an RCT, a single blind study on effectiveness of balneotherapy in chronic lower back pain, balneotherapy in itself can alleviate low back pain.29 Another similar study conducted in Hungary among elderly patients using balneotherapy shows that all monitored parameters of osteoarthritis of the knee joint and CLBP shows improvement from baseline after BT.30 However, these studies did not report the levels of improvement and we have not identified any study that has reported the magnitude of CLBP improvements to compare with, and therefore, we suggest a national based survey to estimate the pattern and levels of balneotherapy use and perceived improvements from the pain.

In addition, studies from Germany and Finland revealed that on top of reducing pain, hydrotherapy can be used to specifically improve, strength and/or prevent muscle wastage; posture, flexibility and/or prevention of contracture (shortening and hardening of muscles, tendons or other tissue); ability to perform normal everyday activities, including walking; exercise and work tolerance; cardiovascular fitness and balance and reaction times.31 However, improvements in the symptoms of LBP, decreasing stress level and feeling well might have a positive effect on the psychological status of patient with LBP. Furthermore, this psychological improvement might lead to success in patients’ social life.

There is also encouraging evidence suggesting that balneotherapy may be effective for treating patients with LBP. For example, the data from systematic reviews and meta-analysis suggest significant differential effects in favor of balneotherapy for reducing low back pain.32,33

Another study on short term efficacy of balneotherapy among CLBP patients indicates balneotherapy was found to produce minimal pain, improved functionality, and quality of life and reduce fatigue and disability status.34 According to the results of the Naiade Project, balneotherapy significantly reduces the need for other types of treatment (hospitalization, physical therapy, and pharmacotherapy).35 It was also reported by RCT on the effect of thermal water containing magnesium-calcium-bicarbonate on CLBP therapy that balneotherapy was found to improve quality of life of patients suffering from CLBP.36

Our study revealed that about half of the participants have shown improvement from CLBP within two days of BT use. However, this is quite different from previous studies that have reported longer (more days) to show improvement. For example, studies have reported low back pain lasts longer than 12 weeks without improvement, at which point it is considered chronic; levels of pain and disability often remain relatively constant thereafter.4 Another study by Constant et al, revealed three weeks duration to show improvement from CLBP.37 This discrepancy may be that our study did not include a comparison group and considered respondents subjective report of relief from back pain. Another possible reason for the shortest time reported in our study would be that the physicochemical analysis of the study hot springs shows high temperature that ranges from 42.8–60.2°C and high levels of other minerals.

The current study showed that perceived improvement from lower back pain after BT is associated with male sex, having concomitant neurological symptoms and being using hottest (60.2C°) spring waters and increased SO42– sulphate and other minerals content. This study specifically assessed the association between various factors and perceived relief from pain using bivariate analysis and p-value. This evidence should be supported by a comparative group, which is one of the limitations of our study.

The findings of our study suggest the need for further study involving trials with double-blinded comparative groups and different treatment approaches to recommend the best alternative method, be the combination of methods as suggested by previous studies4,22,29,30 or balneotherapy alone, to support patients with chronic lower back pain in Ethiopia. This is due to the fact that pharmacological therapy using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may induce significant clinical side effects with meaningful clinical consequences.38 Moreover, the traditional use of hot spring water for various diseases including back pain is very common in almost all parts of Ethiopia, but little is known about its effectiveness and efforts to integrate it into modern medicine is poor. We, therefore, recommend all concerned bodies to pay more emphasis to further research and its uses to the national hot springs.

Our study is not free from limitations. As we have conducted a single-arm cohort study where only adults using balneotherapy by themselves were conveniently included in the study and followed only for three days, ascertainment of improvement could not be compared with control groups. Moreover, an assessment of improvement from CLBP was through perceived/subjective report by participants that we did not measure pain intensity score; ascertainment bias could be very likely. Also, due to patients preference it was assumed and as a trend most of the patients in all the studied hot springs stay for an average of three days at the site, we were unable to follow them for a longer period and this could hinder the recommended (two weeks)30 effect of balneotherapy for the treatment of CLBP.

Conclusions

The current study shows hot spring bathing for three or more days had significant effects of improvement among patients with lower back pain. The perceived relief from pain was as early as two days among half of the participants. The improvement is associated with type of hot spring used, male sex and having neurological symptoms. Therefore, hot spa spring water had better therapeutic effects for chronic lower back pain and therefore, emphasis should be given to integrating it with modern medicine and further experimental study to be conducted to recommend it for use for medical purposes.