Injuries to the clavicle and acromioclavicular joint.

Fractures of the clavicle are a common lesion best treated by closed means. In the unusual instance that nonunion develops or early irreversible vascular or neurologic compromise is present, an intramedullary Knowles pin is the preferred method of fixation. Injuries of the acromioclavicular joint usually can be treated symptomatically. Types 3A and B require early operative intervention. For the few patients who have late symptoms from types 2 or 3, an acromioclavicular arthroplasty, joint stabilization, and transference of the coracoacromial ligament to form a superior acromioclavicular ligament are used.